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CHILDREN    OF 
THE    ARCTIC 


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MARIE   AHNlGHirO   PEARY 


e 


iL.^:^^^ 


o^..,.i^---..  rsjj-^r,.fi) 


CHILDREN  OF 
THE  ARCTIC 

By    the    snow    BABT 
AND    HER    MOTHER 


iV^E^rOi?^.    FREDERICK     A. 
STOKES    COMPANY  •  PUBLISHERS 


Copyright,  1903 
by  Frederick  A.  Stokes  Company 

All  riff /its  reserved 


Printed  in  the  United  States  of  America 


P  ?  9 


CHILDREN  of  the  ARCTIC 


I 


If  any  one  had  invited 
AH-NI-GHI'-TO  to  go 
back  to  the  Snowland  the 
day  after  her  return  to  her 
Grossmamma's  house,  she 
would  not  have  listened  a 
moment  5  for  there  was  so 
much  to  tell,  and  do,  and 
see,  and  learn  that  in  her 
opinion  she  could  not  pos- 
sibly spare  time  for  another 
visit  to  the  far-away  land. 
Yet,  the  next  summer,  when  her  father  went 
off  again  in  the  great  black  ship,  to  the  land 
where  all  AH-NI-GHI'-TO'S  queer  fur-clad 
friends  lived,  there  was  a  big  lump  in  her  throat, 
and  something  that  looked  very  much  like  tears 
in  her  eyes,  when  she  found  that  she  and  mother 
were  going  to  remain  at  home  this  time. 

9 

M595804: 


CHILDREN     OF     THE    ARCTIC 

But  she  was  nearly  five  years  old  now,  and 
father  said  she  must  soon  go  to  school  and 
learn  a  great  deal  by  the  time  he  returned; 
and  if  she  would  be  a  very  good  girl,  and  do 
just  what  mother  said,  he  would  tell  Santa  Claus 
to  bring  her  a  sister. 

AH-NI-GHI'-TO  was  much  pleased.  She 
wanted  a  playmate  very  much  and  promised  to 
do  all  she  was  told  5    and  father  sailed  away. 

All  through  that  summer  AH-NI-GHI'-TO 
roamed  about  on  a  farm,  where  everything  was 
new  to  her.  She  had  bunnies  to  pet;  chickens 
to  feed ;  nests  to  hunt ;  cows  to  be  driven  to 
pasture  in  the  morning  and  brought  back  in  the 
evening ;  butter  to  be  churned ;  flowers  to  be 
gathered  and  arranged ;  and  really  so  many 
things  to  be  done  of  which  she  had  never 
even  heard,  that  the  days  were  hardly  long 
enough. 

The  summer  came  to  an  end  quickly  and 
AH-NI-GHI'-TO  returned  to  her  "Grossy's" 
home  and  to  her  kindergarten,  of  which  she 
was  very  fond. 

10 


CHILDREN     OF     THE     ARCTIC 

Then  Christmas  came  bringing  many  pretty 
toys  for  her,  and  soon  afterward,  coming  home 
from  the  kindergarten  one  day,  AH-NI-GHT-TO 
found  the  dearest  little  sister  waiting  for  her. 
At  first  she  thought  father  had  brought  her, 
and  was  quite  disappointed  to  learn  that  she 
had  been  sent,  but  as  sister  brought  a  letter 
from  ''dear  old  Dad"  in  which  he  told  AH- 
NI-GHT-TO  that  she  must  be  very  good  so 
that  she  might  set  sister  a  good  example,  she 
began  at  once  to  take  the  part  of  elder  sister. 

All  through  the  winter  and  spring  and  well 
into  the  summer  AH-NI-GHT-TO  was  a  happy 
little  girl.  Each  day  sister  grew  to  be  more 
of  a  playmate,  and  the  two  little  girls  had 
merry  times  together;  sometimes  on  the  bed, 
sometimes  on  the  floor,  and  often  on  the  white, 
warm  sand  of  the  seashore.  But  one  morning 
sister  was  not  well  and  did  not  care  to  frolic 
with  AH-NI-GHI-TO.  She  would  lie  still  and 
only  smile  a  little  sometimes,  too  sick  to  enjoy 
the  fun.  The  next  evening  she  went  to  sleep 
and   even  AH-NI-GHI'-TO'S  kisses   could   not 

II 


CHILDREN     OF     THE     ARCTIC 


"  The  Black  Ship  which  sailed  for  the  Snowland" 


awaken  her.  Poor  AH-NI-GHI'-TO,  this  was 
her  first  grief  and  she  was  nearly  heart-broken. 
It  was  a  long  time  before  she  could  believe  it 
was  better  for  sister  to  be  an  angel  in  heaven 
where  she  would  have  no  pain  and  where  AH- 
NI-GHI'-TO  would  rejoin  her  some  day  and 
they  would  never  be  separated  again. 

It  seemed  that  AH-NI-GHT-TO'S  happy 
days  were  over  for  a  while,  for  soon  after  this 
the  big  black  ship  which  had  sailed  for  the 
Snowland  early  in  the  summer  to  bring  AH- 
NI-GHI'-TO'S  father  news  of  her  and  his  home- 
land, returned  with  the  sad  tidings  that  he  had 
been  caught  by  the  cruel  Jack   Frost  far  up  in 


12 


CHILDREN     OF     THE     ARCTIC 


the  Snow  country  during  the  cold,  dark  winter 
and  had  his  feet  frozen.  Though  his  letters 
told  AH-NI-GHI'-TO  and  her  mother  that  he 
was  quite  well  now,  still  they  had  their  doubts, 
and  AH-NI-GHI'-TO  said,  "Oh,  mother,  can't 
we  go  to  father?  I  think  he  must  need  us  to 
take  care  of  him."  Her  mother  agreed  that 
when  the  ship  went  north  again  the  next  June, 
she  and  AH-NI-GHI'-TO  would  go  too.  AH- 
NI-GHI'-TO  could  not  see  why  they  must  wait 
so  long.  Why  not  go  at 
once.^  She  had  quite 
forgotten  that  in  the  far 
north  the  long,  cold 
night  was  now  begin- 
ning and  that  all  the 
sea  was  frozen  solid. 


For  four  months  father 
would  have  no  sun- 
light: only  the  faint 
light  of  the  stars  and 
once  a  month  the  moon. 
Only  when   the   sum-    ^^ah-ni-ghv-to  was  six  rears  oidnmv'' 

^3 


CHILDREN     OF     THE     ARCTIC 

mer  came  again  with  its  bright  warm  sun  to 
thaw  the  ice  and  allow  the  ship  to  plough 
her  way   through,   could   she   go   to  him. 

AH-NI-GHI'-TO  was  six  years  old  now  and 
was  going  to  real  school,  but  all  her  spare  time 
she  spent  in  getting  ready  for  her  coming  visit 
to  father  in  the  Snowland. 

She  made  many  picture  scrap-books,  and  pa- 
per dolls  (with  dozens  of  dresses  for  them)  to 
give  to  the  little  Danish  children  who  had  been 
so  kind  to  her  when  father's  ship  stopped  at 
their  villages  on  the  way  home  with  the  great 
Star  stone.  All  her  pennies  were  carefully  saved 
that  she  might  buy  other  presents  for  her  many 
little  friends.  So  the  winter  and  spring  passed, 
and  at  last  came  the  day,  July  7,  when  AH- 
NI-GHI'-TO  bade  Grossy  and  Tante  goodbye, 
promising  to  surely  return  in  the  early  Fall  and 
perhaps  bring  father  too. 


14. 


CHILDREN     OF     THE     ARCTIC 


II 

On  the  way  to  join  the  ship  she  stopped  to 
say  goodbye  to  Uncle  in  New  York  and  to 
dear  old  Grandma  in  Portland,  Maine.  Here 
too  she  promised  to  return  in  the  Fall  and  if 
possible   to   bring  father  with   her. 

Her  one  wish  now  was  to  board  the  ship 
and  get  away,  and  this  she  really  did  on  July 
20  at  Sydney,  Cape  Breton.  That  night  before 
going  to  sleep  she  wrote  in  her  diary. 

''July  20,  1900. 
—  Glory,  glory,  at 
last  mother  and  I 
are  on  our  way  to 
see  father.  I  wonder 
how  long  it  will  take 
us.    I  can  hardly  wait. 

<'We  have  such 
tiny  rooms  here  that 
one  of  us  must  stay  in 
bed  while  the  other 
dresses.  Everything 
is    very   clean    and 

comfortable      and     I  <■'■  Jt  last  We  are  on  Our  Way  to  see  Father 

15 


CHILDREN     OF     THE    ARCTIC 

i 


"  J  little  Kitty,  with  which  to  play  " 

have    a    little    kitty   with   which    to   play,    and  I   think  1 
will  like  our  maid  too. 

"  She  is  the  wife  of  the  steward.  She  has  never  been 
away  from  her  home  in  Newfoundland  before,  except  to  go 
on  the  fishing  boats  to  Labrador.  They  spend  the  summer 
there  catching  codfish,  and  live  on  it  through  the  winter.' 

During  the  first  week  the  weather  was  clear 
but  quite  cold.  At  least  AH-NI-GHI'-TO  and 
her  mother  thought  it  was,  to  what  they  had  had 
before  leaving  home. 

The  old  ship,  called  the  "  Windward "  was 
very  slow,   and   so  they  were  thankful  when  a 

i6 


CHILDREN     OF     THE     ARCTIC 


"  When  a  Breeze  would  Jill  the  Sails  " 


breeze  would  fill  the  sails 
and  help  the  engines  push 
the   ship   ahead. 

From  Sydney  they  sailed 
through  the  Gulf  of  St. 
Lawrence,  along  the  New- 
foundland shore  as  far  as 
the  Straits  of  Belle  Isle. 
Then  through  the  straits, 
where  the  last  lighthouse 
was  passed,  and  along  the 
Labrador  coast.  On  July  29th  letters  for  home 
were  given  a  passing  fisherman,  who  promised 
to  mail  them  at  the  nearest  place  in  Labrador 
where  the  mail  boat  would  touch.  This  was 
AH-NI-GHI'-TO'S  last  chance  to  send  news 
home  to  her  dear  ones  until  she  returned  her- 
self the  next  autumn,  and  in  one  of  her  letters 
she   wrote   the   following : 

"  S.  S.  Windward,"  July  29,  1900. 

My   dear  Uncle,  —  Nearly  every  day  has  been  fine. 
In    the    Straits    of   Belle    Isle    we    passed    many    large 
cakes  of  ice.      I  am  glad  we  had  sunshine,  because  Cap- 

17 


CHILDREN     OF     THE    ARCTIC 


tain  Bartlett,  whom  I  like  very  much,  says  there  are  rocks 
there  too.  If  our  ship  should  strike  either  of  these  it  would 
wreck  her  ;  and  we  might  easily  run  against  them  if  the 
fog  was   thick   and   he   could   not   see   ahead. 

My  kitty  is  very  wild 
and  will  not  come  to 
me,  though  I  feed  her 
milk  and  bread  and  try 
my  best  to  make  friends 
with  her.  The  Captain 
is  very  jolly,  and  helps 
me  have  fun.  He  has 
had  a  nice  swing  put 
up  for  me  on  deck,  and 
when  our  ship  does  not 
roll  too  much  I  have 
fine   times   there. 

Percy,  the  maid,  says 
she  never  saw  children 
play,  that  where  she 
comes  from  they  only 
sit  with  their  hands  in  their  laps  and  keep  quiet.  I  am 
glad  I  don't  live  in  that  place.  I  am  teaching  her  to 
play  with  my  paper  dolls  and  to  play  tea-party,  but  as 
she  feels  seasick  most  of  the  time  we  do  not  get  along 
very  fast. 

Mother  and   I  with    Percy  are  at  one  end   of  the  ship, 
while    the   Captain   and    his    men    are   at    the    other   end. 

i8 


"  Charlie  the  Steward  " 


CHILDREN     OF     THE    ARCTIC 


Percy  the  Maid" 


We  live  in  what  is  called  the  "  after 
cabin"  and  the  Captain  and  his  offi- 
cers live  in  the  forward  saloon,  but 
the  sailors  are  in  the  forecastle ;  so, 
you  see,  there  is  the  whole  length  of 
the  ship  between  us.  I  can  make  as 
much  noise  at  my  play  as  I  choose, 
without  any  one  being  able  to  hear 
me.  Percy  serves  our  meals  in  our 
cabin,  and  it  is  just  as  if  mother  and 
I  lived  alone  on  the  ship. 

The  Captain  comes  down  some- 
times and  plays  checkers  with  me, 
which  is  very  nice  of  him ;  and  I 
am  going  to  call  him  Captain  Sam,  because  father  has 
had  two  other  cap- 
tains by  the  name 
of  Bartlett. 

To-day  it  is  rain- 
ing and  quite  cold, 
and  the  poor  fisher- 
men look  as  if  they 
would  rather  be  in- 
doors ;  but  they  say 
it  is  a  good  day  for 
fish  and  they  must 
try  to  get  as  many 
as  they  can.   Mother 


"  Captain  Sam  " 


19 


CHILDREN     OF     THE     ARCTIC 

bought  enough  lish  for  dinner  and  breakfast;  and  now 
I  must  close,  for  Captain  Sam  is  waiting  for  our 
mail. 

With  much  love  and  a  bushel  of  kisses,  from 

Your  AH-NI-GHr-TO. 

P.  S.    We   don't    have   any   real    night  at  all   now.      It  irf 
daylight  almost  all   night  long. 

As  soon  as  the  fisherman  dropped  into  his 
boat  with  the  mail  the  ''  Windward  "  went  on 
her  way,  but  the  foggy  weather  and  north  winds 
kept  her  back  a  few  days  along  the  Labrador 
shore.  Davis  Strait  was  crossed  in  a  wind  storm 
which  kept  up  for  days,  and  one  day  while 
AH-NI-GHT-TO'S  mother  was  reading  to  her 
in  the  cabin  there  came  a  gust  of  wind  wilder 
than  any  before.  It  was  followed  by  a  great 
crash  on  deck,  a  shower  of  broken  glass  from 
the  cabin  skylight  and  the  shouting  of  the  Cap- 
tain to  his  men  and  the  running  of  the  sailors 
obeying  his  orders.  AH-NI-GHI'-TO'S  mother 
was  frightened,  but  hardly  had  the  glass  stopped 
falling  when  AH-NI-GHI'-TO  cried,  ^'Go  on 
with  the  story,  mother."      She   had   been  in   so 

20 


CHILDREN     OF     THE     ARCTIC 


«  A  Great  Iceberg  " 


many  storms  at  sea  that  she  was  not  the  least 
afraid,  and  took  everything  that  happened  on 
board   ship   as   a  matter  of  course. 

Captain  Sam  said  afterwards  that  the  ship  had 
been  tossed  on  the  waves  like  a  ball,  and  in  the 
storm  and  fog  had  come  so  near  a  great  iceberg 
that  when  the  man  on  the  lookout  saw  it  she 
had  to  be  brought  round  the  shortest  and  quick- 
est way,  to  keep  her  from  being  dashed  to 
pieces  against  its  frozen   sides. 

21 


CHILDREN     OF     THE     ARCTIC 

This  caused  the  bags  of  coal  lashed  on  deck, 
to  break  loose  and  slide  across  the  deck,  smash- 
ing everything  in  their  way. 

Four  hours  later  the  ship  was  in  a  smooth  sea 
with  the  sun  shining  brightly. 

The  bunch  of  bananas  that  were  taken  for 
father  were  now  getting  so  ripe  that  they  must 
be  eaten,  and  it  was  AH-NI-GHr-TO'S  de- 
light to  take  an  armful  on  deck  and  divide 
them  among  the  sailors.  Some  of  them  had 
never  eaten   them   before. 


■ 

n 

H 

^^Hk    '^"^vl 

22 


CHILDREN     OF     THE     ARCTIC 


III 

A  few  days  later 
the  first  stop  in 
Greenland  was 
made  at  Godhavn, 
the  capital  of  the 
country.  Just  out- 
side the  harbour  the 
pilot,  an  Eskimo 
in  his  tiny  skin  canoe  or  kayak,  met  the  ship  and 
was  hoisted  on  board,  canoe  and  all.  Here  Cap- 
tain Sam  expected  to  get  some  seal-skin  clothing 


«  The  Pilot  in  His  Skin  Canoe  " 


23 


CHILDREN     OF     THE     ARCTIC 

which  had  been  ordered  for  AH-NI-GHI'-TO'S 
father. 

The  sun  now  shone  throughout  the  twenty- 
four  hours,   so   there  was   no   night  at  all. 

When  AH-NI-GHI'-TO'S  mother  told  her 
Godhavn   is   the    capital   of  Danish    Greenland, 


"  Godhavn^  the  Capital  of  Danish  Greenland" 

m 

AH-NI-GHI'-TO  said,  ^^Just  as  Washington  is 
the  capital  of  the  United  States  }  Oh,  mother, 
how  funny  it  is  to  look  over  there  and  see 
only  a  few  frame  houses  one  and  a  half  stories 
high,  a  tiny  frame  church  with  a  school-bell 
on   top,   and   then    only   mounds  of  turf  with  a 

24 


CHILDREN     OF     THE     ARCTIC 

window  stuck  in  the  end  of  each  and  a  chimney 
put  on  one  side,  —  and  to  think  this  is  a  capital 
city  !  '' 

But  it  is  true.  The  Inspector  of  Danish 
Greenland,  the  Governor  of  Godhavn,  and  an 
assistant  with  their  families  are  the  only  white 
people  in   the    ''  city." 

''The  mounds  of  turf"  as  AH-NI-GHF-TO 
calls  them,  are  the  native  huts.  They  are  only 
one  story  high  and  built  of  stone  and  turf  half 
in  and  half  above  the  ground.  The  turf  with 
which  the  stones  are  chinked  is  allowed  to  grow 


Huts  like  Mounds  of  Grass  on  which  the  Dogs  sleep  " 


CHILDREN     OF    THE    ARCTIC 

until  the  stones  can  hardly  be  seen  for  grass. 
Some  of  the  dogs  belonging  to  the  household  are 
nearly  always  asleep  on  top  of  the  huts,  and  this 
makes  the  huts  look  still  more  like  mounds  of 
grass.  The  Danish  Governor  requires  the  chil- 
dren of  these  natives  to  go  to  school  and  to 
church.  The  schoolmaster  is  also  the  preacher, 
and  he  is  usually  a  native  Greenlander  who  was 
taught  in  this  same  school  when  he  was  a  boy. 

AH-NI-GHT-TO  was  disappointed  because 
it  was  two  o'clock  in  the  morning  when  the 
anchor  went  down  and  every  one  on  shore  was 
asleep. 

The  Captain  said  we  had  no  time  to  spare, 
and  he  would  go  ashore  at  once  without  wait- 
ing for  rising-time,  and  see  if  the  Governor  would 
receive  him.  While  he  was  gone  a  few  of  the 
natives,  who  had  been  roused  by  the  tooting 
of  the  ^'Windward's"  whistle,  came  on  board 
to  find  out  whose  ship  it  was  and  whether  there 
was  any  chance  for  them  to  trade  their  toy 
kayaks  (boats)  and  sledges  for  coffee,  sugar, 
and   biscuit. 

26 


CHILDREN     OF     THE    ARCTIC 


Broberg  " 


Among  them  was  an  old  native,  named  Bro- 
berg, who  had  seen  AH-NI-GHT-TO  when 
she  was  a  baby,  and  again  when  she  was  four 
years  old.  He  first  knew  her  father  in  1886, 
and  asked  about  him  in  his  broken  English. 
AH-NI-GHT-TO  was  much  amused,  and  later 
wrote   in   her   diary : 


IS 


''  August  10. —  Came  to  Godhavn  at  two  o'clock  thi 
morning.  Could  not  go  ashore.  Saw  some  old  Eskimos 
I  had  seen  before.  One  old  man  was  very  funny.  His 
name  is   Broberg.      He  came  toward   us  and   shook  hands 

^7 


CHILDREN     OF     THE     ARCTIC 

with  mother  and  me  and  said,  '  Me  very  glad  see 
you.  You  plenty  big  now.  All  you  look  plenty  well. 
Me  hope  you  find  Peary  all  same  well.  Me  go  my 
house  catch  you  kamiks.  You  pickaninny  feet  keep 
plenty  warm  in  good  kamiks.  No  cold,  you  wait, 
me   see.' 

"  Mother  teases  me  by  saying  that  he  said,  '  You  plenty 
bad  now,'  and  not  'plenty  big,'  but  I  know  he  did  not 
because  he  does  n't  know  me  well  enough." 

While  old  Broberg  had  gone  to  see  if  he 
could  ''  catch "  a  pair  of  warm  kamiks  (fur- 
lined  boots)  for  AH-NI-GHT-TO,  she  saw  a 
few  of  her  old  friends,  who  as  soon  as  they 
heard  it  was  Peary's  ship,  and  that  AH-NI- 
GHT-TO  was  on  board,  showed  their  delight 
by  bringing  her  the  best  they  had,  and  they 
wanted  her  to  come  ashore  and  visit  their 
pickaninnies. 

One  man  brought  his  family  close  to  where 
the  ship  lay,  that  AH-NI-GHT-TO  might  see 
what  fine  children  he  had.  The  little  girl,  a 
child  of  three  years,  had  on  short,  white 
leather  kamiks  (boots)  with  long  seal-skin  stock- 
ings  coming  to    the  thigh,  but  the  tops   of  the 

28 


CHILDREN     OF     THE     ARCTIC 


''  Eskimo  Family  at  Godhavn  '* 


Stockings  above  the  boots  were  covered  with 
snow-white,  lace-trimmed  pantalettes  made  of 
muslin.  Her  little  seal-skin  trousers  had  bands  of 
white  leather  embroidered  in  red,  down  the  front 
of  each  leg,  and  her  top  garment  made  like  a 
sweater,  was  of  red  and  white  figured  calico, 
trimmed   about  the   neck   and   wrists   with  black 

29 


CHILDREN     OF     THE     ARCTIC 

fur  and  lined  with  the  soft,  warm  breasts  of  the 
eider  duck.  The  baby  was  dressed  very  much 
like  the  babies  at  home,  only  the  feet  and  legs 
were  put  into  a  fur  bag  covered  with  bright 
calico. 

AH-NI-GHI'-TO  pleased  them  by  taking 
their  pictures  as  they  stood  there  hand  in 
hand. 

Nearly  all  the  natives  of  Danish  Greenland 
wear  clothing  made  of  woven  material,  for  which 
they  trade  their  furs  and  blubber  with  the  Danish 
people  who  govern   them   and  teach   them. 

In  a  short  while  Captain  Sam  returned. 
With  him  came  the  Inspector  and  the  Gov- 
ernor. AH-NI-GHI'-TO  heard  that  the  Dan- 
ish children  whom  she  met  here  on  her  last 
visit  were  now  living  somewhere  else,  and  of  the 
two  Danish  families  in  Godhavn  now  only  one 
had  children.  To  these  she  sent  fruit  and  sweets 
and  said  she  hoped  to  see  them  on  her  return,  for 
now  the  Captain  was  in  a  hurry  to  be  off  while 
the  good  weather  lasted,  and  there  was  no  time 
for  visiting. 

30 


CHILDREN     OF     THE     ARCTIC 

Old  Broberg  returned,  but  had  not  been  able 
to  ''catch"  a  pair  of  kamiks  to  fit  AH-NI- 
GHI'-TO.  He  felt  sorry  about  it  and  wished 
the  Captain  to  wait  until  his  daughters  could 
make  a  pair,  as  he  said  ''they  plenty  quick 
sew."  But  of  course  this  was  not  to  be  thought 
of 


"  Ivory  Necklace^  carved  from  Walrus  Tusks  and  Narwhal  Horns 

31 


CHILDREN     OF     THE     ARCTIC 

Just  as  the  "Windward"  was  ready  to  leave 
and  had  blown  her  ''good-bye"  whistle  a  mes- 
senger from  the  Governor's  wife  climbed  over 
the  ship's  side  and  handed  AH-NI-GHF-TO  a 
beautiful   ivory   necklace   as   a  keepsake. 


3^ 


CHILDREN     OF     THE    ARCTIC 


IV 

For  days  after  this, 
when  it  was  clear,  AH- 
NI-GHI-TO  could  see 
no  water;  nothing  but 
what  looked  like  snow. 
It  seemed  to  her  as  if 
the  '^Windward"  would 
certainly  be  stopped  by 
some  of  the  heavy  sheets 
of  snow-covered  ice.  But 
the  bright  sun  had  been 
shining  on  it  day  and  night  for  months,  and  it 
was  not  nearly  so  strong  as  it  looked  to  be. 
When  the  ship  struck  it  a  sharp  blow  it  shivered 
to  pieces  and  the  old  "Windward"  shoved  them 
aside  and  pushed  on.  The  sunlight  on  these 
great  fields  of  snow-covered  ice  was  so  blinding 
that  AH-NI-GHT-TO  was  obliged  to  wear  the 
darkest  smoked-glass  goggles  all  the  time. 

Even    if    the     progress    was    slow    AH-NI- 
GHI'-TO    knew    that    every    night    when    she 

'  33 


In  Melville  Bay  " 


CHILDREN     OF     THE     ARCTIC 


lay  down  to  sleep  she  was  one  day  nearer  her 
father's  camp,  where  she  hoped  to  meet  "dear 
old    Dad,"  whom  she  had   not  seen  for  over  two 

years. 

The  ever  dreaded  Melville 
Bay,  full  of  icebergs  and  large 
sheets  of  ice,  was  crossed  at  last. 
Captain  Sam  expected  the  north 
water  to  be  free  from  the  large 
pans  of  ice.  He  did  not  fear 
the  great  white  icebergs,  for  the 
sun  shone  during  the  twenty-four 
hours  without  setting,  and  he 
could  keep  out  of  their  way. 
Sometimes  he  would  run  the  old 
ship  right  alongside  of  one  of 
these  "palaces  of  the  Ice  King"  and  fill  the 
water  tanks  with  pure  cold  water  which  formed 
in  pools  where  the  ice  had  been  melted  by  the 
hot  rays   of  the   sun. 

Sometimes  AH-NI-GHI'-TO  saw  these  large 
masses  of  ice  turn  "somersaults,"  as  she  called 
it.     This  was  caused  by  the  water  washing  against 

34 


k 


"  To  wear  smoked-glass 
Goggles  all  the  Time  " 


CHILDREN     OF     THE     ARCTIC 

the  sides  of  the  berg  until  the  part  in  the  water 
was  lighter  than  that  above  the  water,  and 
the  berg  became  top-heavy  and  tumbled  over. 
At  first  there  was  a  low  rumbling  noise,  then  as 
it  gained  headway  it  grew  to  a  roar,  like  the 
increasing  sound  of  an  approaching  train.  This 
was  followed  by  the  boiling  and  foaming  of 
the  water  (filled  with  pieces  of  ice  which  had 
broken  off)  as  far  as  the  eye  could  see,  until  at 
the  shore  the  waves  dashed  high. 

The  poor  old  ''ice  palace"  would  roll  over 
and  over  and  rock  and  sway  and  totter  until  at  last 
it  regained  its  balance.  But  now  the  part  which 
before  had  been  under  water  was  above  it  and 
glistened  like  polished  silver,  with  lots  of  little 
rainbow  colours  in  between,  where  the  sun  glinted 
from  drops  of  sea  water. 

Here  it  would  stay  until  some  other  time  when 
it  again  became  top-heavy  by  the  washing  of 
the  waves,  and  the  same  thing  would  happen 
to  it.  Each  time  it  would  become  smaller,  until 
at  last  it  was  only  a  lump  of  ice  floating  idly 
about  on  the  water.      Such   pieces  are  liked  by 

35 


CHILDREN     OF     THE    ARCTIC 


"  Icebergs  '  Palace  of  the  Ice  King  '  " 

the  seals  and  walrus  to  crawl  upon  out  of  the 
cold  water  into  the  warm  sunshine,  and  there 
take   their   sun-bath. 

AH-NI-GHI'-TO  thought  it  must  be  a  very 
cold  bed,  but  these  animals  all  have  such  a  thick 

36 


CHILDREN     OF     THE     ARCTIC 

blanket  of  fat  wrapped  entirely  around  them,  just 
under  the  skin,  that  it  does  not  seem  cold  to  them. 

One  morning  about  four  o'clock  AH-NI- 
GHI'-TO'S  mother  came  on  deck  to  look 
around,  when  just  alongside,  on  quite  a  large 
cake  of  ice  she  saw  a  beautiful  snow-white  bear. 
He  had  been  swimming  about  in  the  hope  of 
finding  a  seal  or  two  for  his  breakfast,  and  com- 
ing to  this  cake  of  ice,  thought  he  would  get 
up  on  it,  stretch  his  legs,  and  get  a  nice  drink 
of  water. 

The  man  on  the  "lookout"  had  been  looking 
at  ice  and  water  in  the  glaring  sunshine  for  so 
long  that  he  had  failed  to  notice  the  bear  who 
was  just  the  colour  of  the  ice  on  which  it  stood, 
and  so  it  was  that  AH-NI-GHI'-TO'S  mother 
was  the  first  one  to  see  it,  and  call  the  Captain. 

Captain  Sam  never  undressed  when  he  went 
to  bed  while  the  ship  was  in  motion,  and  so  it 
was  only  a  few  moments  before  he  appeared 
with  his  rifle.  The  poor  bear  did  not  seem  to 
know  that  he  was  in  danger  for  he  stood  quite 
still,  with  his  head  up  sniffing  the  air,  and  watch- 

37 


CHILDREN     OF     THE     ARCTIC 

ing  the  ship  slowly  nearing  him.  The  Captain 
fired,  and  the  bear  jumped  into  the  water  and 
began  to  swim  away.  The  Captain  fired  again, 
and  though  the  poor  brute  did  not  stop,  the 
water  about  him  turned  red  and  we  knew  he 
had  been  hit.  Another  shot  and  his  head 
drooped  and  his  body  floated  on  the  water. 
He  was  dead.  A  boat  was  lowered  and  the  ani- 
mal hoisted  on  board,  where  he  was  hung  in  the 
rigging  to  dry  before  being  skinned  and  cut  up. 


"  Skinning  the  Bear" 


38 


CHILDREN     OF     THE     ARCTIC 

AH-NI-GHT-TO  was  very  much  excited. 
Her  heart  bled  for  the  bear,  and  she  hoped 
all  the  while  the  shooting  was  going  on  that  he 
would  get  away.  Her  mother  told  her  it  was 
necessary  to  kill  these  animals  for  her  father,  who 
needed  the  meat  to  feed  his  dogs  and  his  Eskimos, 
and  the  skin  to  make  into  clothing  to  help  keep 
him  warm  during  the  long,  cold  winter.  But 
AH-NI-GHI'-TO  still  grieved  for  the  bear. 


39 


CHILDREN     OF     THE     ARCTIC 


V 

A  few  days  later  Etah, 
the  place  where  her  father 
had  built  his  winter  house, 
was  sighted,  and  AH-NI- 
GHI'-TO  thought  that  in 
a  few  hours  she  would  be 
in  his  arms;  but  she  was 
to  be  disappointed,  for  be- 
fore the  ship  reached  the 
inlet  AH-NI-GHF-TO'S 
mother  saw  that  the  dear  old  stars  and  stripes 
were  not  flying  from  the  little  red  house,  and 
told  her  this  was  a  sure  sign  that  father  was  not 
there. 

As  soon  as  the  ship's  anchor  was  down  a  boat 
full  of  Eskimos  came  off  from  the  shore  and  they 
said  that  Peary  had  not  yet  returned,  but  he  had 
sent  letters  which  were  in  his  house  on  shore. 
Captain  Sam  jumped  into  the  boat  and  in  a  short 
time  brought  letters  from  AH-NI-GHI'-TO'S 
father,    in   which    he   told   the   Captain   what  he 

40 


CHILDREN     OF     THE     ARCTIC 

wanted  done  at  Etah  and  that  he  wished  the  ship 
to  come  on  to  Fort  Conger  where  he  would 
meet  it. 

Now  Etah  is  on  the  east  shore  of  Smith  Sound 
and  Fort  Conger,  the  place  where  AH-NI-GHT- 
TO'S  father  hoped   to  meet  his  vessel,  is  on  the 


"  A  Boat  full  of  Eskimos  " 

west  side  and  nearly  three  hundred  miles  farther 
north.  The  ice  here  was  very  thick  and  only 
small  lakes  of  water  were  to  be  seen  through  it, 
in  the  direction  in  which  the  ship  must  go. 

41 


CHILDREN     OF     THE     ARCTIC 

Both  Captain  Sam  and  AH-NI-GHF-TO'S 
mother  felt  that  there  was  little  chance  of  getting 
to  Fort  Conger  in  their  small  ship.  Before  leav- 
ing Etah  the  Captain  must  get  hundreds  of  tins 
of  canned  goods,  barrels  of  flour,  cases  of  sugar, 
rice,  biscuit,  oatmeal,  etc.,  etc.,  on  board  to  take 
with  them.  These  had  all  been  piled  near  the 
beach  by  AH-NI-GHT-TO'S  father,  ready  to  be 
put  on  the  ship  as  soon  as  she  came. 

This  took  more  than  twenty-four  hours  and 
during  this  time  AH-NI-GHF-TO  was  ashore  as 
much  as  possible  meeting  some  of  her  old  Eskimo 
friends  and  getting  acquainted  with  others.  That 
night  she  wrote  in  her  diary: 

'^August  20,  1900.  —  Ashore  all  day.  Took  a  look  at 
father's  house.  It  is  very  empty  and  very  small.  I  also 
looked  into  the  tents  of  the  Eskimos.  They  are  dirty 
places.  Am  so  sorry  not  to  find  more  children  here. 
Only  a  boy  nine  or  ten  years  old  and  a  baby.  They  are 
going  on  the  ship  with  us,  so  I  guess  I  will  have  a  good 
time.  The  'grown-ups'  thought  it  was  very  funny  to  see 
me  jump  rope  with  the  '  Bosun,'  and  also  to  see  me  swing. 
They  helped  me  pick  flowers,  which  I  have  just  finished 
pressing,  and  they  took  me   to   the  glacier  which   mother 

42 


CHILDREN     OF     THE     ARCTIC 

says  is  a  river  of  ice  that  flows  down  the  mountain-side 
toward  the  sea  just  as  if  it  were  water,  only  it  moves  very 
slowly;  not  more  than  a  few  feet  in  a  year.  They  tried 
to  tell  me  about  my  father,  but  I  did  not  understand  them 
very  well.  I  gave  one  of  the  women  a  white  cup  and 
she  was  very  proud  to  have  it.      Early  in  the  morning  we 


"  Father's  House  is  very  small." 

hope  to  get  away  from  here  and  take  with  us  five  grown 
Eskimos  and  two  children.  I  wonder  wdll  we  meet 
father  soon." 

Poor  little  AH-NI-GHI'-TO  thought  that  in 
a  few  hours  at  most  the  ship  would  cross  Smith 
Sound  and  reach  her  first  landing-place  on  the 

43 


CHILDREN     OF     THE    ARCTIC 

opposite  shore,  Cape  Sabine,  only  thirty  miles 
away,  where  a  depot  of  supplies  and  coal  would 
be   landed    for  the   use   of   those   on   board   the 


"  Coasted  down  the  Slopes  of  the  Ice  Hummocks  " 


"Windward"  in  case  she  should   be  crushed  in 
the  ice,  while  trying  to  get  north,  and  her  people 

44 


CHILDREN     OF     THE     ARCTIC 

forced  to  return  to  the  shore  in  boats.  But  it 
took  eight  long  days  to  reach  this  place,  and  dur- 
ing all  of  this  time  there  was  hardly  a  moment 
when   the   ship  was   not  in   danger. 

Sometimes  the  great  sheets  of  ice  would  hold 
the  "Windward"  in  their  grasp  and  not  allow 
her  to  move  an  inch.  Then  the  current  would 
take  her,  together  with  the  ice,  and  drift  the  whole 
southward.  In  this  way  the  ship  was  often  farther 
south  at  the  end  of  the  day  than  she  was  when 
she  started  to  steam  north  a  few  hours  before. 
At  these  times  when  the  ''Windward"  was  drift- 
ing she  was  perfectly  motionless  and  AH-NI- 
GHT-TO,  together  with  Percy  and  some  of  the 
Eskimos,  would  climb  over  the  side  of  the  ship 
onto  the  floes  and  there  they  would  play  and  slide 
on  the  smooth  ice;  and  once  Captain  Sam  lashed 
two  Norwegian  skates  called  ''Ski"  together, 
and  she  coasted  down  the  slopes  of  the  ice  hum- 
mocks. This  was  great  sport  and  helped  pass 
the   time. 

There  were  other  times  that  were  not  so  pleasant 
when  the  heavy  fields  of  ice  would  crush  against 

45 


CHILDREN     OF     THE     ARCTIC 

the  ship  so  fiercely  that  pieces  would  break  off 
and  pile  up  against  her  sides  till  some  of  them 
fell  upon  the  deck,  and  the  ship  would  groan  and 
tremble  with  the   pressure  like  a  person  in  pain. 

At  times  the  ship 
would  force  her 
way  between 
mountains  of  ice 
so  high  that  the 
boats  hanging  at 
the  davits  had  to 
be  hauled  in  to 
keep  them  from 
being  smashed, 
and  all  the  seamen 
climbed  out  and 
chopped  away  the  overhanging  pinnacles  as  fast 
as  possible  so  that  the  rigging  would  not  be  cut 
or  torn  away. 

At  last,  after  eight  weary  days  in  the  ice,  the 
little  harbour  was  reached.  Here  a  family  of 
Eskimos  had  been  watching  the  ship  during  the 
last  three  days,  fearing  all  the  time  that  she  would 

46 


*'  Eskimo  Family  " 


CHILDREN    OF     THE     ARCTIC 

be  crushed  and  sink.  Now  there  was  great  re- 
joicing, for  the  Eskimos  on  the  ship  had  not  seen 
this  family  since  early  Spring,  and  all  were  eager 
to  gossip. 

This  family  consisted  of  a  man,  Accom-mo- 
ding-wah,  his  wife,  Ah-we-a,  a  son  of  seven  years, 
Ne-ah-kwa,  and  a  daughter  of  twelve,  Ach-ah- 
ting-wah.  The  boy,  though  some  months  older 
than  AH-NI-GHT-TO,  was  still  a  perfect  baby; 
his  mother  nursing  him  like  an  infant  5  but  the 
girl  was  a  playmate  for  AH-NI-GHT-TO  and 
they  soon  became  friends. 


47 


CHILDREN    OF     THE    ARCTIC 


VI 

The  ''  Windward  "  was 
run  alongside  of  the  rocks 
and  made  fast,  and  every 
one  except  a  watchman  in- 
tended to  get  a  good  night's 
rest;  the  first  in  more  than 
a  week,  for  the  next  morn- 
ing coal  and  provisions  must 
be  landed  and  this  meant 
hard  work  for  the  men. 

AH-NI-GHr-TO  and 
her  mother  too  were  glad 
to  really  undress  and  go  to  bed.  This  they  had 
not  been  able  to  do  while  pounding  through  the 
ice,  for  the  big  floes  might  crush  the  ship  at  any 
moment,  and  every  one  had  to  be  ready  to  jump 
into  the  boats  and  leave  her. 

Now  they  had  a  fine  bath  and  told  Percy  she 
need  not  call  them  for  breakfast,  as  they  wanted 
to   sleep. 

48 


CHILDREN     OF      THE     ARCTIC 


At  five  o'clock  in  the  morning  Captain  Sam 
knocked  on  the  cabin  door  and  called  to  AH- 
NI-GHI'-TO'S  mother  to  get  up  and  dress  her- 
self and  AH-NI-GHT-TO  as  quickly  as  possible. 
A  brisk  wind  which  sprang  up  towards  morning 
had  blown  the  ship  in  against  the  rocks,  and  here 
when  the  tide  went  out 
she  lay  with  one  side  on 
the  rocks,  with  only  a  few 
feet  of  water  under  her, 
and  with  the  other  side, 
where  there  were  no  rocks, 
far  down  in  the  water. 
As  no  one  knew  how 
much  lower  the  tide  would 
fall.  Captain  Sam  thought 
it  best  to  get  every  one  and  "  ^""^  ""''^ ""'  ''"^' ""  '^'  ^'"^' " 
everything  of  value  ashore  as  quickly  as  possible, 
for  fear  the  vessel  would  capsize  and  sink. 

AH-NI-GHI'-TO'S  mother  awoke    her.      By 
this  time  the  cabin  floor  was  almost  at  right  angles 
to  what  it  should  have  been,  —  the  slant  so  steep 
that  it  was  impossible  to  walk  on  it. 
4  49 


CHILDREN     OF     THE     ARCTIC 

AH-NI-GHI-TO,  still  in  her  berth,  was  quickly 
dressed  in  her  warmest  clothes,  and  after  putting 
her  own  clothing  on,  AH-NI-GHI'-TO'S  mother 
gathered  the  important  papers  and  as  much  warm 
clothing  as  possible  into  a  bag 5  AH-NI-GHI'-TO 
begging  all   the   time  not  to  leave  her  dolly  and 


"  This  was  the  joth  day  of  August  " 

her  kitty.  When  this  was  done  Percy  took  the 
bag,  and  Captain  Sam  and  the  steward  helped 
them  on  deck.  This  was  not  very  easy,  as  some 
of  you  may  find  out  if  you  try  to  crawl  up  a 
board  with   one   end   on  a  barrel  and  the   other 

50 


CHILDREN     OF     THE     ARCTIC 

on  the  ground.  Again  and  again  one  or  the 
other  slipped  back,  but  at  last  the  deck  was 
reached,  and  now  all  that  could  be  done  was  to 
sit  down  and  slide  over  the  side  into  a  boat  held 
there  by  the  sailors,  for  the  water  was  on  a  level 
with  this  side  of  the  deck,  while  the  opposite  side 
looked  as  if  it  were  right  overhead. 

Although  this  was  the  30th  day  of  August,  the 
snow  was  falling  so  fast  that  the  shore,  a  few 
yards  away,  could  hardly  be  seen.  Thither  the 
boat  was  rowed,  and  there  AH-NI-GHI -TO  with 
her  mother  and  Percy  landed. 

AH-NI-GHI'-TO  did  not  realize  that  the 
ship  was  in  great  danger,  and  so  her  one  thought 
was  to  have  a  good  time.  Together  with  the 
Eskimo  girl  Achatingwah  and  Percy  the  maid, 
she  snowballed  and  made  snow  forts,  which  were 
shot  at  with  cannon-balls  made  of  snow,  when 
tired  of  this  she  went  off  to  explore  a  little  valley 
where  Achatingwah  told  her  there  was  a  lake. 

They  were  gone  about  an  hour,  and  when 
they  returned  AH-NI-GHI'-TO  was  much  ex- 
cited  and    said   she    had    seen    footprints   of  an 

51 


CHILDREN     OF     THE    ARCTIC 

animal,  which  Achatingwah  told  her  were  fox- 
tracks.  She' followed  them  for  a  short  distance, 
when  they  were  crossed  by  hare-tracks.  These 
she  followed  up  the  side  of  the  cliff,  and  all  at 
once  around  the  corner  of  a  big  boulder  peeped 
the  hare  himself  He  was  sitting  on  his  hind 
legs,  his  nose  twitching  as  he  sniffed  her, — a  fine, 
large  fellow,  snowy  white  all  over  except  the  tips 
of  his  ears,  which  were  black.  AH-NI-GHI'-TO 
thought  he  was  tame  like  the  little  white  bunnies 
at  home,  but  as  soon  as  she  came  near  him  away 
he  scampered  much  faster  than  the  children  could 
follow. 

At  ten  o'clock  the  good  ship  was  once  more 
afloat  and  out  of  danger  but  not  quite  upright 
yet.  As  AH-NI-GHT-TO  was  very  hungry  by 
this  time,  all  went  on  board.  The  steward  had 
lighted  a  fire  in  the  cabin  stove  and  swept  the 
water  out  of  the  cabin,  but  everything  was  still 
wet.  Breakfast  was  prepared  at  once  and  soon 
every  one  was  feeling  better,  but  very  tired. 
Getting  up  at  five  o'clock  in  the  morning  and 
being  put  out  in  a  blinding  snowstorm  for  five 

5^ 


CHILDREN    OF     THE    ARCTIC 


*■'■  A  large  Field  of  Ice  had  been  pushed  across  the  Entrance  to  the  Harbour  " 

hours  without  anything  to  eat  or  drink,  and  with- 
out even  a  place  where  one  can  sit  down  unless 
it  is  on  the  snow-covered  ground,  is  not  at  all 
pleasant. 

The  poor  men  who  had  been  working  waist- 
deep  in  the  icy  water  were  worn  out  and  could 
do   no   more   work   that   day. 

Two  days  later  all  needed  supplies  had  been 
landed  and  the  '' Windward"  was  ready  to  start 
north  again.  Captain  Sam,  who  had  been  care- 
fully watching  the  ice  drift  past  the  harbour  day 

53 


CHILDREN     OF      THE     ARCTIC 

and  night,  now  told  AH-NI-GHI -TO'S  mother 
that  a  large  field  of  ice  had  been  pushed  across 
the  entrance  to  the  harbor  and  shut  the  door, 
so  to  speak,  on  the  ship,  and  nothing  could  be 
done. 

If  this  field  of  ice  should  break  up  then  the 
ship  would  be  free  to  go  on  her  way  5  but  unless 
the  wind  broke  it  up  or  blew  it  away  from  the 
entrance,  AH-NI-GHT-TO  and  her  mother  with 
all  on  board  would  be  prisoners  for  the  winter. 

This  was  a  dreadful  thing  to  happen,  for  no 
one  had  taken  clothing  enough  to  last  so  long  a 
time.  Thanks  to  AH-NI-GHI'-TO'S  father, 
there  was  food  enough  for  every  one,  such  as  it 
was.  AH-NI-GHI-TO  had  learned  to  eat 
many  things  that  she  thought  she  could  never 
eat,  and  also  to  do  without  things  that  she  had 
thought  were   necessary. 

One  morning  AH-NI-GHI-TO  awoke  and 
found  it  was  September  12th.  Then  there  was 
great  rejoicing  all  over  the  ship,  for  this  was  AH- 
NI-GHI'-TO'S  seventh  birthday,  and  the  fourth 
one  spent  in  the  Snowland. 

54 


CHILDREN     OF     THE    ARCTIC 

She  jumped  out  of  bed  to  see  what  kind  friends 
had  given  the  "Birthday  Man"  to  bring  her, 
and  was  kept  busy  as  a  bee  all  day  long.  In 
her  diary  she   wrote   the   story   of  the   day. 


55 


CHILDREN     OF     THE    ARCTIC 


VII 


'^ September  12,  1900,  and 
my  birthday.  I  never  expected 
to  spend  it  in  this  country 
when  I  left  home.  Grossy 
promised  me  a  party,  but 
mother  gave  it  to  me  here 
instead,  and  I  have  had  a 
beautiful  day.  When  I  came 
into  the  cabin  I  found  such 
a  nice  chocolate  cake,  with  seven  candles  burning  around 
it,  and  a  doll,  oh  a  beauty,  all  dressed  in  dotted  swiss 
over  pink  silk  with  a  pink  sash  and  white  stockings  and 
white  kid  shoes.  She  is  one  of  my  prettiest  children,  and 
1  have  named  her  Lois,  after  a  little  girl  I  met  in  Sydney, 
and  who  was  very  kind  to  me.  I  also  found  a  pair  of 
doll's  real  seal-skin  slippers,  a  purse,  a  box  of  chocolates, 
and  a  two-and-a-half  gold-piece.  The  sailors  asked 
Captain  Sam  to  allow  them  to  hoist  the  flag  in  my 
honour  and  he  did  so.  The  men  gave  me  three  cheers 
when  they  hoisted  it.  Mother  had  the  steward  make 
a  pitcher  of  hot  grog  and  cut  up  a  big  cake,  and  then 
he  and  I  took  it  around  to  all  the  men  and  gave  them 
their  share.  At  tea  time  I  invited  Captain  Sam  and  the 
Chief  Engineer  to  take  tea  with  me.  The  supper-table 
looked  very  pretty,  with  the  candles   burning   about  my 

56 


CHILDREN     OF     THE     ARCTIC 


''  JCHATING' fVAH  and  AHWEAHGOODLOO'' 


cake,  and  we  had  a  jolly  time  playing  games  afterward, 
but  oh  dear,  I  could  not  help  thinking  every  little  while 
if  only  father  were  here  how  much  nicer  everything  would 
be.  I  had  nothing  to  give  the  Eskimos  except  some 
coffee  and  biscuit,  which  they  like,  and  some  candy  which 
they  don't  care  much  about,  but  they  seemed  pleased, 
especially  with  my  doll.  They  thought  it  was  alive  be- 
cause it  had  real  hair  and  could  open  and  shut  its  eyes." 

57 


CHILDREN     OF     THE     ARCTIC 

Achatingwah  was  AH-NI-GHI'-TO'S  daily 
companion,  and  the  two  little  girls  had  a  merry 
time  together.  This  little  Eskimo  girl's  father 
was  dead.  A  walrus  had  pulled  him  into  the 
water  and  drowned  him.  But  her  mother,  Aweah, 
had  another  husband,  who  took  care  of  Achating- 
wah. She  had  two  real  brothers  and  a  step- 
brother. 

One  of  her  own  brothers  was  Ahng-ood-loo, 
who,  besides  being  the  "Captain"  of  all  the  Es- 
kimos who  worked  for  AH-NI-GHI'-TO'S  father, 
was  the  husband  of  "Billy  Bah,"  the  Eskimo 
girl  who  was  AH-NI-GHI'-TO'S  first  nurse. 
She  came  to  AH-NI-GHr-TO'S  home  in  Wash- 
ington and  spent  a  year  with  her  and  then  returned 
to  the  Snowland. 

Ahngoodloo  was  one  of  the  only  two  left- 
handed  men  in  the  tribe,  and  he  was  the  best 
hunter  of  all.  He  was  very  fond  of  AH-NI- 
GHI'-TO'S  father  and  always  stayed  with  him. 

Achatingwah  also  had  another  brother,  Wee- 
sha-kup-sie,  who  spent  a  year  in  New  York  City 
and  returned  to  his  country  when  AH-NI-GHI'- 

S8 


CHILDREN    OF     THE    ARCTIC 


^^BILLT     BAH'' 
Mrs.  Ahn'goodloo 

TO'S  father  went  there  the  last  time.  So  Acha- 
tingwah  knew  more  about  the  ways  of  the 
"  Kab'loonahs "  (white  people)  than  most  of  her 
tribe. 

Her  hair  was  always  smooth  and  her  face 
and  hands  clean  when  she  came  to  play  with 
AH-NI-GHI'-TO. 

59 


CHILDREN     OF     THE    ARCTIC 

She  wore  yellow  kamiks  (boots)  made  of  the 
tanned  seal-skin,  and  these  she  rubbed  with  snow 
to  clean  them  before  coming  on  the  ship.  Her 
trousers,  made  of  the  skins  of  the  blue  fox  and 
the  white  fox,  she  also  rubbed  with  snow  and 
beat  with  an  ivory  knife  made  for  this  purpose 
out  of  a  walrus  tusk,  until  they  looked  like  new. 
Her  kapetah  (coat  with  hood),  made  of  the  fox- 
skins,  too,  she  took  off  in  the  cabin,  and  her 
bird-skin  shirt  looked  white  and  clean. 

The  days  grew  shorter  and  shorter,  and  soon 
the  day  came  when  the  sun  did  not  shine  in  the 
little  harbour  at  all,  and,  looking  to  the  south, 
the  big,  round,  yellow  ball  could  not  be  seen  on 
the  horizon.  This  meant  that  he  was  on  his 
way  south  and  would  keep  travelling  away  from 
the  Snowland  until  the  21st  of  December. 
Then  he  would  start  back  again,  but  not  until 
the  middle  of  February  would  he  shine  upon 
AH-NI-GHI-TO   and   the   ship   again. 

It  was  now  settled  that  the  ''  Windward " 
must  stay  in  her  icy  bed  during  the  coming 
winter  and   spring  and   part  of  the  summer,  and 

60 


CHILDREN     OF     THE     ARCTIC 

every  one  was  busy  making  things  as  com- 
fortable as  possible  5  for  it  grows  very  cold 
after  the  sun  leaves,  and  the  north  wind  blows 
through  every  crack   and   cranny. 

During  these  long  months  it  was  dark  all  of 
the  time,  except  for  the  moonlight  and  starlight, 
which  made  deep  black  shadows  on  the  snow- 
drifts and  ice  hummocks.  These  caused  AH- 
NI-GHI-TO  to  have  many  a  tumble,  because 
the  ice  seemed  level  where  it  was  full  of  hollows 
and  holes. 

But  Achatingwah  and  the  two  Eskimo  boys 
came  every  day  for  AH-NI-GHI-TO  to  go 
sliding  and  coasting  with  them,  in  spite  of  the 
cold   and   darkness. 

Many  curious  things  she  learned  these  days, 
as  this  extract  from  her  diary  will  show: 

"Clear  day.  No  wind.  Achatingwah  and  I  were 
out  coasting  from  eleven  to  nearly  one.  The  stars  were 
very  bright. 

"Achatingwah  told  me  all  about  the  Eskimo  stars.  I 
know  only  one,  the  great  Dipper.  Achatingwah  says  the 
stars    in    this   are    a    herd    of  reindeer    in   the  sky.      The 

61 


CHILDREN     OF     THE     ARCTIC 

Eskimos  call  it  TOOK-TOK'-SUE.  Then  there  are 
three  other  bright  stars  which  are  the  stones  supporting 
the  lamp  of  an  Eskimo  woman  up  in  the  sky;  and  a 
hunter  and  his  dogs  after  a  bear,  and  lots  more. 

"I  wish  Father  were  here  to  tell  me  what  we  call  them. 
When  we  came  on  board,  Captain  Sam  said  the  ther- 
mometer on  deck  had  been  at  seventy-two  degrees  below 
freezing  all   day." 

They  never  went  far  from  the  ship,  so  that 
they  could  run  on  board,  into  the  warm  galley 
(kitchen),  where  the  steward,  kind  old  Charley, 
was  ever  ready  to  give  them  a  hot  drink,  and 
allow  them  to  warm  their  fingers  and  toes,  even 
if  he  did  threaten  to  make  mince  meat  out  of 
them   if  they  bothered   him   too   much. 

One  day  he  said  to  AH-NI-GHF-TO:  ^' Why 
don't  you  have  a  party  on  the  ice  ?  Get  the 
youngsters  to  help  you  fix  up  a  house,  and  I 
will   help   you   with   the   supper." 

This  was  a  great  idea  for  the  children,  and 
at  first  they  intended  to  build  a  real  native 
snow  igloo ;  but,  as  the  grown  Eskimos  were  too 
busy  to  help  them,  they  soon  found  this  was 
too   much   for  them   to   do   alone. 

62 


CHILDREN     OF     THE     ARCTIC 


Then  AH-NI-GHF-TO  went  to  the  Captain 
and  asked  him  to  lend  her  one  of  her  father's 
tents,  and  have  the  men  put  it  up  for  her  out 
on  the  ice.  When  this  was  done,  the  children 
shovelled  the  soft  snow  up  on  the  sides  of  the 
tent  as  high  as  they  could  reach.  This  kept  the 
wind  from  blowing  under  the  canvas  into  the  tent. 

It  took  them  several  days  to  do  this  and  to 
furnish  and  decorate  their  reception  room.  Large 
boxes  were  brought  from  the  ship  and  covered 
as  tables  5  small  ones  were  used  as  chairs.  The 
walls  were  draped  with  flags,  and  a  lantern 
was  hung  at  each 
end. 

While  AH-NI- 
GHI'-TO  wrote  the 
invitations  to  an 
"At  Home,"  her 
playmates  shovelled 
a  path  through 
the  deep  snow  from 
the  tent  to  the 
ship. 

63 


CHILDREN     OF     THE     ARCTIC 

VIII 

Just  before  it  was  time  for 
the  guests  to  arrive, 
Charley  took  out  a 
steaming  pot  full  of 
chocolate  ;  three 
plates  piled  high 
with  cake,  cookies^  and  sandwiches.  AH-NI- 
GHT-TO  came  after  some  taffy  she  had  made 
the  night  before,  and  last  of  all  Charley  took  out 
an  oil-stove,  which  he  placed  in  one  corner  of 
the  tent.  "For,"  said  he,  "it  is  all  very  well 
for  Miss  AH-NI-GHT-TO  and  her  young  Es- 
kimo  friends  to  be  out  here  with  the  temperature 
70  degrees  below  freezing,  for  they  are  dressed 
in  furs  from  head  to  feet,  but  the  invited  people 
would  have  the  good  things  freeze  in  their  mouths 
with  no  fire  at  all." 

Billy,  one  of  the  ship's  men,  acted  as  butler, 
and  the  party  was  a  great  success. 

The    guests    stayed  as    long   as    the   eatables 
lasted,   and    then   the   Eskimos  licked    the   cups 

64 


CHILDREN     OF     THE     ARCTIC 


"  A  Snmv  IVall  all  around  the  Ship." 

and  the  crumbs,  and  amid  shouts  of  laughter  the 
dishes  were  brought  aboard.  But  when  Charley 
asked  who  would  help  wash  up,  every  one  was 
much   too   tired   and   sleepy. 

The  "Windward"  would  not  have  been 
taken  for  a  ship  now  except  for  her  masts  and 
spars.  For  weeks  the  men  had  been  cutting 
blocks  of  snow  from  the  hard  drifts  and  building 
a  snow  wall  all  around  the  ship,  close  to  her 
hull  and  a  few  feet  higher  than  her  rail.  At 
night   water    was    thrown    on  this  wall    until    it 

65 


CHILDREN     OF      THE     ARCTIC 

became  solid  ice,  through  which  no  wind  could 
come. 

From  the  top  of  this  wall,  across  the  ship  to 
the  other  side,  canvas  was  stretched  as  a  roof, 
and  this  gave  a  covered  place  on  deck,  where 
AH-NI-GHI'-TO  and  her  friends  played  when 
the  wind  howled  and  whirled  the  snow  so  fast 
that  it  was  not  possible  to  stand  up  against  it. 

The  natives,  too,  as  soon  as  they  knew  that 
they  must  spend  the  winter  here,  said  they 
wanted  to  go  ashore  and  build  their  own  houses, 
for  then  they  could  keep  much  warmer  with  less 
fuel  than  on  the  ship.  They  were  not  used  to 
so  much  room  and  did  not  feel  at  home  in  it. 

Each  family  built  their  own  igloo ;  the  women 
working  with  the  men.  Achatingwah's  mother 
helped  carry  the  heavy  bowlders  from  far  off  for 
their  igloo,  while  Achatingwah  scraped  them  free 
of  snow  and  helped  to  loosen  those  that  were 
frozen  down,  by  pounding  them  with  smaller 
stones. 

After  enough  had  been  collected  a  place  was 
scraped  free  from  snow  and  made  level  j    and  for 

66 


CHILDREN     OF     THE     ARCTIC 


Building  an  Igloo." 


this  they  were  glad  to  borrow  the  ship's  tools, 
for  it  would  take  much  longer  to  clear  the  spot 
with  only  a  rude  knife  made  from  walrus-tusk 
than  it  did  with  a  large 
shovel. 

At  one  end  of  the  cir- 
cular space  Achatingwah's 
father  built  a  platform  about 
a  foot  high. 

The  walls  he  put  up, 
just  as  a  stone  mason  would 
put  them  up,  only  he  used  turf  which  Achating- 
wah  brought,  instead  of  mortar,  to  stop  the 
cracks.  After  the  walls  were  three  or  four  feet 
high  the  whole  was  roofed  over.  Usually  this 
is  done  with  large  flat  stones,  but  as  Acha- 
tingwah's  father  was  in  a  hurry  to  get  his 
family  moved  into  the  house  he  threw  a 
walrus-hide  over  the  top  and  held  it  down 
with  heavy  rocks  to  keep  the  wind  from  blowing 
it  off. 

The  igloo  was  then  thickly  covered  with  snow, 
and  the  inside  of  it  lined  with  seal-skins. 

(>7 


CHILDREN     OF     THE    ARCTIC 

The  doorway,  or  entrance,  was  scarcely  two 
feet  high,  and  opened  into  a  long,  low  passage- 
way which  ended  in  a  vestibule  as  high  as  the 
igloo  itself.  This  passage-way  and  vestibule 
Achatingwah's  father  built  of  snow-blocks. 

The  natives  leave  their  fox-skin  kapetahs  (coats) 
in  this  vestibule  if  they  are  covered  with  snow, 
for  if  they  took  them  into  the  warm  igloo  the 
snow  would  melt,  and  it  would  take  a  long  while 
to  dry  the  heavy  fur  garments. 

After  the  skins  had  been  put  on  the  platform 
Achatingwah  brought  in  two  Eskimo  lamps  with 
which  to  heat  and  light  the  igloo. 

These  were  cut  out  of  soapstone  by  her  father 
with  his  knife,  and  were  shaped  like  our  dust- 
pans. She  filled  them  with  small  pieces  of  blub- 
ber from  the  seal,  and  then  placed  dried  moss 
across  the  straight  side.  This  she  lighted,  and 
the  heat  from  it  melted  the  blubber  and  soaked 
it  up,  burning  it  like  a  wick.  These  lamps  must 
be  tended  all  the  time,  or  the  smoke  from  them 
would  soon  cover  everything  with  a  greasy  soot. 

Near  the   top  of  the   igloo  above   the  lamps, 

68 


06-doO  {airr I  inif,) 

King-mek  (Tht  Dog) 

ToO-loO-ah  (Tht  Ravtn) 


Kol'-lup-soo  (Ctciing  /-or)  Kofn-i-tik  (SUdgt) 

Jl-luk'-SOOt  {Sfion) 
Kah-lil-0-nJOah   (The  Narwhal)  Ah'-=Wlk-SO-ah    (Tht  U^alrut^ 

Ter-i-a-ni-ah  {Tht  Fox)  Nan-nook' -so-aA  {Tht  Bear)  King-mek  {Tht  Dtgi 

In-nuk'-SU-e  {Mtn  and  fVtmtn) 
Kay-ak  {Canct)  E-ka-lu-ah  {Tht  Salm,n) 


^ESKIMO    TOTS   CARVED   FROM   THE    TEETH    OF   THE    WALRUS" 


69 


CHILDREN     OF     THE     ARCTIC 

Achatingwah's  mother  fastened  a  sort  of  lattice- 
work rack,  made  by  lashing  sticks  together  with 
sinew.  On  this  the  members  of  the  family  put 
their  wet  stockings,  mittens,  and  shirts  to  dry. 

Close  down  over  each  lamp  she  hung  an 
oblong-shaped  pot,  also  made  of  soapstone,  in 
which  the  snow  is  melted  for  drinking-water. 
The  Eskimos  never  use  water  for  any  other 
purpose.  They  had  never  heard  of  a  bath  until 
AH-NI-GHI'-TO'S  father  and  mother  came 
among  them,  and  the  most  they  ever  did  was 
to  wipe  their  faces  with  a  greasy  bird-skin. 

Achatingwah  now  helped  her  mother  bring 
their  stock  of  bear,  deer,  and  seal  skins  into  the 
igloo  and  spread  them  on  the  platform,  and  the 
family  was  settled  for  the  winter. 

Over  the  stone  lamps  Achatingwah's  mother 
cooked  their  food,  and  on  the  platform  the 
entire   family  slept. 

Days  when  it  was  too  cold  and  stormy  to  go 
to  the  ship  this  platform  was  the  playground 
of  Achatingwah  and  her  little  brother,  where 
they    amused    themselves   with    little    figures    of 

70 


CHILDREN     OF     THE     ARCTIC 

men  and  women,  toy  sledges  and  dogs,  and 
canoes;  bears,  seals,  foxes,  walrus,  and  the  other 
strange  animals  of  the  Snowland,  carved  by  their 
father  from  the  teeth  of  the  walrus  5  or  played 
''  cat's  cradle,"  making  Too-loo-ah  the  raven, 
Ter-i-a-niah  the  fox,  Oo-kud'-ah  the  hare,  and 
Ka-lif-o-wah  the  great  narwhal,  with  sinew  strings. 
Sometimes  they  played  ''cup  and  ball"  with 
a  slender  ivory  pin  and  the  bone  of  a  seal  with 
two  holes  drilled  in  it. 

Then  at  night  they  snuggled  warmly  under 
the  thick,  heavy  furs,  hugging  each  other  tightly 
as  they  heard  their  father  and  mother  talking  of 
'' Tor-naf-suk  "  the  "evil  one,"  or  how  "Nan- 
nook'-soah,"  the  great  white  bear,  had  carried  off 
and  eaten  one  of  their  relatives. 

Very  glad  they  were  that  the  Oo-miak'-soah 
(ship)  was  so  near,  to  frighten  Nan-nook'-soah 
away;  otherwise  at  every  growl  of  the  wind  about 
their  hut  they  would  have  thought  he  was  pushing 
his  great  head  with  the  little  eyes,  red  tongue, 
and  long  teeth,  into  the  entrance  after  them. 


71 


CHILDREN     OF     THE    ARCTIC 


1 

JH 

^C 

flBj^^H 

Kig 

^ 

v^,  / ' ''^^iS^'^^^^B'l 

•" 

ii!Qr 

IX 

After  the  stone  igloos 
had  all  been  built,  the 
men  built  snow  huts  in 
which  their  dogs  could 
find  shelter  from  the  fierce 
north  winds,  for,  except 
when  the  wind  blew,  the 
Eskimo  dog  would  rather 
curl  up  on  the  snow  than 
be  housed. 

The  sledges  and  harnesses  were  put  on  top 
of  these  huts,  where  the  dogs  could  not  reach 
them.  When  they  get  loose  the  Eskimo  dogs 
chew  up  everything  they  can  get  hold  of,  no 
matter  how  well  fed   they  may  be. 

The  Eskimos  on  shore  made  quite  a  little 
settlement,  and  their  visits  to  the  ship  made 
things   lively   on   board. 

AH-NI-GHT-TO  now  spoke  the  Eskimo 
language  perfectly,  and  every  native  was  her 
friend.      She  dressed  exactly  as  they  did,  except 

7^ 


*■'■  She  dressed  exactly  as  the  Eskimos  did " 


CHILDREN     OF     THE    ARCTIC 


"  The  Eskimo  dog  chews  up  everything  " 

that  she  wore  a  woollen  union  suit  instead  of 
the  bird-skin  shirt.  Often  her  mother  looked 
for  her  several  minutes  before  noticing  that  she 
was  right  alongside  the  ship  with  her  Eskimo 
companions.  But  when  her  back  was  turned  it 
was  not  an  easy  matter  to  know  the  little  white 
girl  among  the  fur-clad  children. 

In    February  her  mother  sent   letters   for  the 
dear  ones  at  home,  by  the    Eskimos,  to  a  place 

74 


CHILDREN     OF     THE     ARCIIC 

where  the  whaHng  ships  would  stop  on  their 
way  to  catch  the  big  black  whales.  Then,  if  the 
old  "  Windward "  should  be  held  by  the  ice 
until  it  was  too  late  to  return  home  the  coming 
summer,  the  grandmothers  and  uncles  and  aunt 
would  know  that  all  were  well,  and  did  not 
return  because  the  ship  could  not  get  out  of 
the   ice. 

AH-NI-GHT-TO  sent  this  letter  home  : 

February  21,  1901. 
My  dear  Grossy  and  Tante  and  Uncle,  —  I  am  afraid 
you  will  be  worried  not  to  hear  from  me  for  so  long  a 
time,  so  I  take  this  first  chance  to  write  this  letter  to  you. 
1  will  come  to  see  you  soon,  I  hope.  I  want  to  see  you 
all  very  much.  I  play  on  the  ice  every  day  and  have 
a  fine  time  with  Billy  and  the  Eskimo  children.  We 
have  been  in  the  ice  for  ever  so  many  days.  We  have 
had  a  good  time  most  always,  but  T  want  to  see  you  all. 

I  will  tell  you  how  I  spent  my  Christmas.  A 
week  before,  we  began  to  get  ready  for  the  holidays. 
Mother  baked  a  whole  stack  of  raisin  loaves  and  cut 
fifteen  stockings  out  of  some  canopy  lace,  and  I  worked 
them  round  with  red  worsted.  These  we  filled  with 
dates,  peanuts,  chocolates,  home-made  taffy,  mixed  candy, 
a  silver  dollar,  popcorn,  prunes,  and  oranges. 

75 


CHILDREN    OF     THE    ARCTIC 

At  eight  o'clock  on  Christmas  eve  I  went  down  into 
the  forecastle  with  Charley  and  gave  each  man  half  a  loaf 
of  raisin  cake,  and  a  big  pot  of  chocolate  for  all.  They 
cheered  and  clapped  and  I  left  them  to  enjoy  their  feast. 

I  played  parchesi  with  mother  and  the  Captain  until 
ten  o'clock,  then  I  hung  up  my  stocking  and  went  to  bed. 

In  the  morning  it  was  full.  I  jumped  out  of  bed  and 
found  in  it  several  pieces  of  money,  two  pieces  of  pink 
ribbon,  a  book,  a  paper  doll  and  her  dresses,  and  a  box 
of  chocolates.  I  was  delighted,  and  could  only  wish 
father  and  Grossy  and  tante  and  uncle  were  here  to  see 
how  happy  I  am. 

While  on  deck  a  little  later,  playing  with  the  Eskimo 
children  and  Billy,  Maksangwah  handed  me  a  lovely  card 
and  a  box  of  beads  from  Mr.  Warmbath. 

About  two  p.  M.  mother  called  to  me  that  it  was  time 
to  invite  all  hands  down  into  the  cabin  to  get  their 
Christmas    stockings. 

When  we  all  came  down,  there,  in  the  middle  of  the 
table  blazed  a  beautiful  Christmas  tree,  which  Mr.  Warm- 
bath  had  made  for  me  as  a  surprise.  It  looked  as  if  it 
had  just  been  cut  in  the  woods,  and  yet  he  made  every 
bit  of  it.      I    will   tell   you   how. 

First  he  made  a  skeleton  tree,  using  a  broomstick  for 
the  trunk  and  making  the  branches  out  of  heavy  wire ; 
then  he  covered  the  wire  with  softened  wax,  until  some 
of  the  branches  were  one  half  an  inch  thick  and  others 
not  so   big.      Some  wax  was  also  put  on  the  broomstick, 

76 


CHILDREN     OF     THE     ARCTIC 

and  when  trunk  and  branches  were  entirely  covered  with 
wax,  they  were  all  thickly  sprinkled  with  coffee-grounds, 
well  pressed  into  the  wax.  This  made  them  look  just 
like  the  branches  of  a  pine  tree  without  its  needles. 
Next  he  took  some  hay  and  laid  it  out  straight  on  a  box 
and  painted  it  green.  When  the  paint  was  dry  he  cut 
it  into  pieces  about  as  long  as  pine  needles  and  with 
melted  wax  stuck  them  all  over  the  branches  of  the  tree. 
It  looked  so  real  that  I  thought  I  could  smell  the  lovely 
pine  woods  at  home. 

All  around  the  tree  mother  had  put  the  stockings. 
It    was    a    fine    sight. 

The  tree  was  trimmed  in  chains  made  of  pop-corn, 
and  some  of  tin-foil,  cornucopias,  "  silver  dollars,"  and  two 
dozen  candles. 

The  Eskimos  were  very  sober  at  first  because  they 
thought  we  were  worshipping  it,  but  when  they  saw  us 
laughing  and  I  gave  each  a  stocking,  they  too  shouted 
and  laughed  and  said  "  peuk  !  peuk  ! "  many  times.  Mother 
gave  them  cake  and  coffee,  and  I  tried  to  tell  them 
that  trees  like  this  grew  in  the  ground  where  the 
white  man  lived;  but  this  they  did  not  believe,  and 
said,  "  Oh,  you  can't  fool  us,  we  saw  Mr.  Warmbath  make 
this  one." 

For  our  Christmas  dinner  we  had  roast  beef  (canned), 
stewed  tomatoes  (canned),  dandelion  greens  and  corn 
(canned),  and  baked  beans.  Then  plum  pudding  with 
sauce. 

11 


CHILDREN     OF     THE     ARCTIC 

After  dinner  we  had  songs  and  games,  and  for  a  little 
while  I  quite  forgot  that  I  was  thousands  of  miles  away 
from  home  and  hundreds  of  miles  from  any  other  white 
people.  Mother  and  I  had  been  invited  to  take  tea 
with  Captain  Sam  in  the  forward  saloon,  and  we  spent 
a  pleasant  evening.  I  wondered  if  father  had  a  good 
Christmas  and  if  he  was  coming  to  us  soon.  This  is 
the  first  real  Christmas-tree  celebration  the  natives  have 
ever  seen,  and   I  am  sure  they  will  never  forget  it. 

So  you  see  I  had  a  good  time,  only  I  wanted  you  all 
to  be  with  me  too.  I  send  you  much  love  and  many, 
many  kisses. 

Your  loving 

Snowbaby. 


78 


CHILDREN     OF     THE     ARCTIC 


''   A  tiny  baby  in  the  hood  " 


X 

The  holidays  over, 
everything  went  on  as 
usual.  AH-NI-GHI-TO 
took  walks  with  her 
mother  and  some  of  the 
Eskimos  nearly  every  day. 
Once  in  climbing  a  steep 
slope  of  hard  snow  AH- 
NI-GHI-TO  began  to 
slip  and  could  not  stop 
herself.  It  was  very  far  to  the  bottom  and  she 
was  badly  frightened,  but  one  of  the  Eskimo 
boys  ran  to  her,  and  digging  his  feet  into  the 
hard  snow  far  enough  to  catch  his  heels  and 
keep  himself  steady,  he  held  on  to  her  until 
she  too  had  made  a  place  in  the  snow  for  her 
heels.  Then  together  they  carefully  picked 
their  way  off  the  slippery  slope  to  where  the 
snow  was   soft  and   their   feet  sank   into  it. 

Another  time   they  walked   farther  than   they 
intended,  and  the  moon  went  behind  the  clouds, 

79 


CHILDREN     OF     THE     ARCTIC 


leaving  it  quite  dark.  In  taking  a  short  cut 
they  came  to  a  slope  which,  in  the  dim  light, 
looked  as  if  it  were  not  very  steep,  and  they  de- 
^  cided  to  sit  down  and  slide  5  but  no 
sooner  was  AH-NI-GHT-TO  seated 
than  away  she  shot  out  of  sight,  the 
others  following  her  so  quickly  that 
no  one  was  able  to  give  the  warn- 
ing. It  was  a  good  thing  that 
there  was  a  bed  of  soft  snow  at  the 
bottom,  into  which  the  youngsters 
tumbled. 

There  was  a  little  daylight  every 
day  after   January  i  cth,  yet  the  sun 

"  Such  little  flat  noses "         .    "^  *^  J  O        f     J 

did  not  really  shine  on  the  "  Wind- 
ward "  until  February  21st. 

The  days  kept  getting  longer  and  longer; 
that  is,  the  sun  rose  earlier  and  set  later  each 
day  until  on  March  21st,  Spring's  opening,  he 
shone  from  6  o'clock  in  the  morning  until  6 
o'clock  in  the  evening  and  there  was  daylight 
all  night  long.  Strange  to  say,  it  was  now  very 
much  colder  than  it  had  been  while  it  was  dark. 

80 


CHILDREN     OF     THE     ARCTIC 

But  no  one  minded  the  cold  as  long  as  the  sun 
shone. 

The  Eskimos  from  across  Smith  Sound  came 
oftener  to  visit  the  ship,  and  every  time  they 
brought  AH-NI-GHT-TO  either  fur  mittens  or 
stockings  or  kamiks,  and  what  pleased  her  most, 
numbers  of  children  came  with  them.     She  wrote : 

"When  Achatingwah  and  I  came  in  from  coasting  to- 
day, we  found  eight  sledges  with  Eskimos  had  come  over 
from  Etah,  and  oh,  there  are  so  many  chil- 
dren I  know  we  are  going  to  have  a  good 
time. 

"  Three  of  the  women  have  tiny  babies  in 
their  hoods.  One  of  them  was  brought  to 
the  mother  just  before  she  started  for  the 
ship.  It  is  much  uglier  than  the  others.  Its 
head  wobbles  back  and  forth  against  its 
mother's  bare  shoulder.  She  carries  it  all 
naked,  except  for  a  little  tight  fur  cap  and  a 
short  fox-skin  shirt,  in  a  hood  on  her  back 
right  next  her  bare  skin,  which  helps  keep  it 
warm.  Its  eyes  are  never  open,  and  it  makes 
me  think  of  a  young  kitten. 

"  The  other  two  must  be  older,  for  they 
can  hold  up  their  heads,  and   they  have  their 

^  .  '  -^  ^^  I  shall  get  Billy 

eyes  open  all  the  time  when  they  are  awake,      to  wash  them" 

'  8i 


CHILDREN     OF     THE     ARCTIC 


"When  the  mothers  want  to  feed  them  they  take  the 
little  naked  things  out  of  the  hoods,  without  covering 
them  —  right  out  on  deck  in  the  cold,  and  the  babies 
don't  seem  to  mind  it  at  all.  Then  there  are  some  little 
boys.  I  shall  get  Billy  to  wash  them  to-morrow  so  I  can 
play  with  them. 

"  They  all  have  black  hair  and  big  black  eyes  and  white 
teeth  and  such  little  flat  noses,  and  they  wear  the  funniest 
little  short  trousers  made  of  bear-skin,  with  tiny  fur-lined 
boots  and  big  fox-skin  coats.  I  could  laugh  every  time  I 
look  at  them. 

"  Achatingwah   told    me   all   about  the  sun   and   moon 

to-day.  Ever  so  many  years 
ago,  longer  than  the  oldest 
Eskimos  can  remember,  a  girl 
ran  out  of  an  igloo  with  a  piece 
of  lighted  moss  in  her  hand. 
Her  brother  ran  after  her  with 
a  larger  piece  of  moss.  They 
ran  so  long  they  ran  right  up 
into  the  sky,  where  the  girl 
became  the  moon  and  her 
brother  the  sun.  Is  n't  it  funny  ? 
We  say  there  is  a  man  in  the 
moon ;  the  Eskimos  think  it  is 
a  girl. 


Funny  little  bear-skin  trousers  " 


82 


CHILDREN     OF     THE     ARCTIC 


XI 


March  went  and   April 
V  \        I^^H    came,  with  ''  April  Fool's 

\  ^|^^\  l^^l  Day "  and  Easter,  of 
^^^^V  ffd^H  ^hich,  of  course,  AH- 
^•^^  Kl^   NI-GHI'-TO'S    Eskimo 

friends  knew  nothing. 

During  April  there 
were  many  pleasant  days, 
and  AH-NI-GHI'-TO 
and  her  mother  were  out 
most  of  the  time. 
The  Eskimos  crossed  Smith  Sound  to  the 
open  water  off  the  Greenland  shore,  where  the 
walrus  were  plentiful  and  where  most  of  the  tribe 
gather  every  spring  for  the  hunt.  Each  family 
builds  a  snow  igloo,  and  there  they  stay  and 
hunt  and  feast  until  the  breaking  up  of  the 
ice  warns  them  that  if  they  wish  to  return  to 
their  settlement  before  the  next  autumn  they 
must  move   on. 

83 


CHILDREN     OF     THE     ARCTIC 

Only  one  family  and  an  orphan  boy  remained 
with  the  ship.  This  boy  was  the  son  of  Ma- 
gipsu,  the  seamstress  who  sewed  for  AH-NI- 
GHT-TO'S  mother  the  first  time  she  came  to 
the  Snowland,  and  whom  she  found  dying  two 
years  later. 

This  poor  little  fellow  had  also  lost  his  father 
since  then  and  was  all  alone.  No  one  in  particu- 
lar took  care  of  him,  but  if  he  needed  clothing 
the  family  who  could  best  spare  it  gave  it  to  him, 
and  his  food  he  got  wherever  he  happened  to  be. 

Kood-luk'-too,  or  "  Good  luck  to  you  "  as 
Charley  called  him,  and  AH-NI-GHI'-TO  be- 
came great  friends,  and  AH-NI-GHI'-TO'S 
mother  said  he  could  stay  on  the  ship  and  she 
would  take  care  of  him  as  long  as  she  remained 
in  the  Snowland. 

This  gave  AH-NI-GHI-'TO  a  constant  com- 
panion and  guide ;  for  he  knew  the  feeding 
places  of  the  hare  and  the  fox,  and  the  nesting 
places  of  the  Eider  duck,  the  Brant  Goose,  and 
other  birds  whose  eggs  would  be  a  very  welcome 
change  on  the  bill  of  fare. 

84 


CHILDREN     OF     THE     ARCTIC 

Though  young,  Koodluk'too,  like  all  the 
Eskimo  boys,  could  drive  dogs,  and  he  and 
AH-NI-GHT-TO  had  frequent  rides  drawn  by 
six  or  eight  dogs  that  looked  for  all  the  world 
like  wolves.      She  wrote: 


'^  April  28. 
A     b  e  a  u  t  i  f  u  1 


lay, 


an 


dih 


ave 


"  The  dogs  look  very  pretty  going  along  " 


had    such    fun. 

Koodluk'too 

took     me    out 

sledge-riding 

way      round 

Elephant  Head 

and       back. 

The  dogs  were 

not   used   to   pulling   together,  so  that  we  did   not  always 

go  where  we  wanted  to. 

"  As  the  dogs  are  guided  by  the  whip  and  not  with 
reins  like  our  horses,  it  kept  poor  Koodluk'too's  arm  going 
all  the  time,  and  he  got  so  excited  when  they  would 
not  obey  him  that  he  cut  me  over  the  head  and  round 
the  neck  as  he  swung  the  whip  over  his  shoulder.  But 
my  fur  hood  is  so  thick  that  it  did  not  hurt  me  at  all. 
It  made  him  feel  badly  because  he  says  the  men  don't  do 
that  and  he  ought  to  know  better. 

85 


CHILDREN     OF     THE    ARCTIC 

"  I  thought  he  would  surely  be  hoarse,  for  he  kept 
shouting   to   the   dogs   all   the   time. 

''  Once  when  we  crossed  a  fox's  track  on  the  ice  the 
dogs  started  ofF  in  a  gallop  to  follow  it,  and  the  only  way 
Koodluk'too  could  stop  them  was  to  steer  the  sledge  up 
against  a  big  lump  of  solid  ice.  It  gave  me  a  fearful 
bump  and  would  have  thrown  me  off  if  he  had  not 
warned  me  to  hold  tight. 

"  The  dogs  look  very  pretty  when  they  are  going  along. 
Each  one  has  his  bushy  tail  laid  up  on  his  back  like  a 
feather  duster. 

"  It  is  fine  sport  to  skim  over  the  smooth  ice,  but  I 
don't  believe  I  should  like  to  ride  all  day  long." 


Before  leaving,  one  of  the  Eskimo  men  gave 
AH-NI-GHI'-TO  a  puppy  with  which  she 
and  Koodluk'too  had  great  sport.  She  was 
reddish-brown   in    colour  and  AH-NI-GHI'-TO 

named  her  ''  Cinna- 
mon," but  called  her 
''Gin"  for  short. 
She  was  full  of  mis- 
chief and  was  known 
to  the  sailors  as 
"  Sinful." 


"  Sinful" 


86 


CHILDREN     OF     THE     ARCTIC 

On  May  5th  AH-NI-GHT-TO  coaxed  her 
mother  to  have  cake  baked,  so  that  she  could 
feast  her  friends  the  next  day,  it  being  her 
father's  birthday.  All  day  she  was  busy  with 
Charley  getting  her  feast  ready,  and  when  night 
came  she  was  glad  to  climb  into  her  bunk  and 
go  to  sleep.  She  did  not  dream  that  something 
great  would  happen  before  breakfast  the  next  day. 

The  next  evening  she  wrote  in  her  diary  : 

"  May  6.  It  seemed  as  though  I  had  only  just  closed 
my  eyes  when  I  was  awakened  by  Mother,  who  was  sitting 
up  in  bed  calling,  '  Charley,  Charley,  unlock  the  cabin 
door  quickly,  Mr.  Peary  has  come.'  At  first  I  thought 
she  was  dreaming,  but  a  second  later  I  heard  some  one 
rattling  at  the  cabin  door,  while  Charley,  half  asleep,  was 
trying  to  unlock  it.  Then  a  great  giant  all  dressed  in 
bear  and  deer  skins  was  coming  toward  the  bed  asking  for 
his  baby,  and  here  was  Father  really  and  truly,  safe  and 
well,  and  on  his  birthday  too ;  glory,  glory,  now  we  could 
really  celebrate,  and  Mother  knew  his  step  even  when  she 
was  asleep.  Dear  old  Dad,  he  looks  the  same.  Of 
course  we  got  right  up  and  dressed,  while  Father  took  his 
bath,  and  at  five  o'clock  in  the  morning  our  whole  family 
sat  down  to  breakfast  together,  for  the  first  time  in  three 
years.      The  day  has  been  a  holiday  for  every  one  on  board." 

87 


CHILDREN     OF     THE     ARCTIC 


XII 

After  AH-NI-GHI'-TO'S  father  returned, 
the   time   fairly   flew. 

Ahngoodloo  and  Billy  Bah  were  among  the 
Eskimos  who  returned  with  AH-NI-GHI'-TO'S 
father,  and  they  now  joined  AH-NI-GHI'-TO 
and  Koodluk'too  in  their  play. 

AH-NI-GHI'-TO'S  father  said  he  would  not 
return  home  this  summer,  but  would  remain 
another  year  and  once  more  try  to  reach  the 
North  Pole. 

During  all  the  long  winter  months,  while 
AH-NI-GHI'-TO'S  home  had  been  on  the 
''Windward,"  the  old  ship  had  been  as  steady 
as  a  house  on  shore,  for  she  was  held  firmly  by 
the  ice  and  could  not  move.  But  on  June  7th, 
while  AH-NI-GHI'-TO  was  at  dinner  with  her 
parents,  they  were  surprised  to  hear  a  loud 
creaking  noise  and  at  the  same  time  feel  the 
ship  quiver  and  then  roll  slightly  from  side  to 
side.  ( 

88 


CHILDREN     OF     THE    ARCTIC 


^'■A  NarwhaV 


"We  are  free,"  said  AH-NI-GHI'-TO'S 
father  5  "the  old  'Windward'  has  broken  out 
of  her  winter  berth  and  longs  to  be  off  again." 
Everybody  rushed  on  deck,  and  surely  enough  the 
old  ship  was  afloat  once  more. 

But  the  ice  had  only  melted  away  from  her 
sides,  leaving  her  without  a  support.  Nowhere 
else  did  it  seem  inclined  to  break  away,  so  that 
while  the  "  Windward  "  was  afloat  she  was  still 
a  prisoner  in  the  ice. 

89 


CHILDREN     OF      THE     ARCTIC 

By  the  middle  of  June  the  sea  ice  was  covered 
with  pools  of  water,  and  it  was  no  easy  task  to 
get  ashore  from  the  ship  without  getting  the  feet 
wet.  Snow  buntings  (our  snowbirds)  were  flit- 
ting about  the  rocks,  and  small  tufts  of  green 
grass  were  to  be  seen  here  and  there. 

The  Eskimos  harpooned  some  narwhal  out  at 
the  edge  of  the  ice,  and  AH-NI-GHI-TO  is 
perhaps  the  only  little  white  girl  who  ever  saw 
these  strange  Arctic  sea  animals,  with  their  long 
white  ivory  horns  and  huge  tails. 

It  was  now  decided  to  help  free  the  ship  by 
having  the  men  saw  a  road  through  the  ice  to 
the   open   water  beyond. 

Saws  eight  and  ten  feet  long  were  used,  and 
for  weeks  the  sawing  went  on. 

Sometimes  a  bottle  filled  with  gunpowder  was 
let  down  under  the  ice  through  a  hole  that 
had  been  drilled,  and  the  long  fuse  that  had 
been  fastened  to  it  was  lighted.  When  the  fire 
reached  the  powder  it  exploded;  but  although 
it  cracked  the  ice  for  a  little  distance,  very  little 
was  broken  oflT. 

90 


CHILDREN     OF     THE     ARCTIC 


"  JHNG'OODLOO  and  a  Narwhal  Head  with  its  Long  White  Ivory  Horn  " 

During  this  time  AH-NI-GHT-TO  was  over 
on   the   island   with   Koodluk'too   and   Billy   Bah 

91 


CHILDREN     OF     THE     ARCTIC 


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every  day,  gathering  eggs,  which  were  plentiful 
now. 

The  ducks  lay  their  eggs  on  the  ledges  of  the 
rocks,  in  nests  made  of  the  down  which  they 
pluck   from   their   breasts. 

As  hundreds  of  the  birds  had  their  nests  on 
this  island,  it  was  not  necessary  to  take  the  eggs 
from  the  same  nest  twice,  and  this  left  enough 
eggs  for  the  birds  to  breed. 

One  day  a  great  windstorm  swept  down  from 

92 


CHILDREN     OF     THE     ARCTIC 

the  north  and  broke  ofF  all  the  ice  which  had 
been  cracked  by  the  blasting  and  carried  it  out  of 
the  harbour.  Only  a  small  pan  of  one-year-old 
ice  was  left  between  the  ship  and  the  open  water. 

The  fires  were  started  under  the  boiler,  and 
with  the  help  of  the  saws  and  the  steam,  the 
ship  soon  pushed  out  the  remaining  ice,  and  on 
July  3rd,  with  every  living  creature  in  the  settle- 
ment on  board  (not  forgetting  about  seventy- 
five  dogs),  the  ''  Windward "  steamed  out  of 
the  little  harbour  where  she  had  been  lying  for 
ten  months,  and  reached  Littleton  Island  on  the 
opposite  shore  that  evening. 

The  next  day  was  Fourth  of  July,  and  it  was 
decided  to  have  a  holiday. 

The  ship  was  dressed  in  her  flags,  and  all  who 
wanted  to  go  went  shooting  birds  or  hunting 
walrus. 

AH-NI-GHI'-TO  did  neither  of  these  things, 
but  she  had  a  happy  day  and  in  her  diary  tells 
about  it: 

^' July  4,    1 90 1 A    beautiful    day.      Warm,    bright, 

and   sunshiny.      The  Eskimo   men  and  most  of  the  sailors 

93 


CHILDREN    OF     THE    ARCTIC 

went  out  after  breakfast  to  see  what  they  could  find,  and 
came  in  at  four  o'clock  with  one  hundred  and  twenty-five 
ducks,  three  barrels  of  eggs,  and  two  walrus.  The  eggs 
will  be  packed  away  for  father's  use  in  the  fall.  Mother, 
father,  Percy,  and  I  have  been  ashore  gathering  flowers 
and  playing  tag  and  having  a  fine  old  time.  Dinner  at 
five  o'clock,  and  then  I  heard  mother  and  father  planning 
to  walk  across  the  country  to  Etah  while  Captain  Sam 
took  the  '  Windward '  around  there.  I  coaxed  them  to 
let  me  go  with  them.  Mother  said  I  could  not  walk  it 
because  there  would  be  so  much  climbing  to  do,  but 
father  said,  '  Let  her  try  it.  I  believe  she  can  do  it.'  At 
half-past  seven  father  had  two  of  the  sailors  put  us  ashore 
and  with  our  kapetahs  (fox-skin  coats')  over  our  arms  we 
started  off^  Over  the  rocks  we  went  —  up  one  side,  down 
the  other  side,  of  the  cliffs.  In  some  places  my  feet  went 
into  the  wet  moss  above  my  ankles.  The  steep,  hard  snow- 
banks gave  me  lots  of  tumbles.  In  one  place  we  had  to 
climb  around  the  high  steep  walls  of  a  cliff^  with  the  icy 
water  dashing  against  them  twelve  feet  below.  Father  said 
it  was  about  twelve  feet,  but  I  thought  it  was  twenty-five. 
If  I  had  fallen  I  should  have  had  the  coldest  bath  I  ever 
had.  We  had  to  wade  through  some  of  the  shallow 
brooks,  and  they  were  cold  enough  for  me.  I  was  very 
tired,  but  I  had  made  up  my  mind  not  to  say  a  word 
about  it.  It  took  us  two  hours,  and  father  said  we  had 
walked  about  six  miles ;  but  we  beat  the  '  Windward,' 
for  when  we  got  to  the  Igloos  at  Etah,  she  was  just  com- 

94 


CHILDREN     OF     THE    ARCTIC 

ing  round  the  point,  and  that  pleased  me,  for  now  I 
could  tease  Captain  Sam.  As  soon  as  the  'Windward' 
got  in,  mother  and  I  went  on  board,  and  mother  rubbed 
me  down,  gave  me  a  cup  of  cocoa,  and  put  me  to  bed, 
too  tired  to  write  up  my  diary ;  but  I  wrote  it  up  this 
morning  so  the  home  folks  will  know  what  I  did  on  the 
glorious  Fourth." 


95 


CHILDREN     OF     THE     ARCTIC 


XIII 


From  Etah  the  "Windward"  steamed  to 
Northumberland  Island,  where  the  Eskimo  wo- 
men, children  (except  Koodluk'too),  and  dogs, 
with  a  few  of  the  old  men,  were  landed  with  their 
tents  and  enough  food  to  last  them  a  few  weeks. 

The  ship  with  the  rest  on  board  started  for 
a   walrus   hunt. 

AH-NI-GHI'-TO'S  father  wanted  to  get 
packed  away  as  much  meat  as  possible,  with 
which  to  feed  his  natives  and  dogs  during 
the  coming  winter.  AH-NI-GHT-TO  herself 
tells   how   these   huge  animals   were   hunted. 

''For  the 
last  ten  days 
we  have  been 
hunting  walrus. 
The  walrus  is 
a  large  animal 
which  lives  in 
the  water,  but 
like   the   whale 


"  Dead  Walrus  on  Ice  Cake  " 


96 


CHILDREN     OF     THE     ARCTIC 


it  cannot  breathe  under  water.  It  comes  to  the  surface 
and  fills  its  lungs  with  air  by  taking  deep  breaths,  then  it 
closes  its  nose  tight  and  goes  under,  where  it  can  stay- 
many  minutes  without  breathing. 

"They  love 
to  crawl  upon 
the  pans  of  ice 
when  the  sun 
shines,  warming 
themselves  and 
sleeping  for 
hours  at  a  time. 
It  is  then  the 
hunters  go  after 
them.  Thewal- 
rus  are  hunted 
with  both  gun 
and  harpoon. 

"  Father  sends 


Hoisting  a  Walrus  on  Board" 


out  each  boat  with  one  or  two  white  men  and  their  rifles, 
and  four  Eskimos  with  harpoons  and  floats.  They  row 
toward  the  pan  of  ice  where  the  walrus  are  asleep,  coming 
up  to  them  from  the  side  where  the  wind  blows  from  the 
walrus  to  the  boat.  If  they  came  from  the  other  side 
the  walrus  would  smell  them  even  in  their  sleep.  When 
the  boat  is  close  enough  each  Eskimo  throws  his  harpoon 
at  a  walrus,  and  all  the  walrus  slide  off  the  ice  into  the 
water.      Those    struck   by   the   natives  have    the   harpoon 

7  97 


CHILDREN     OF     THE     ARCTIC 


head  fastened  in  their  skin  with  a  line  to  it.  The  other 
end  of  the  line  is  fastened  to  a  float.  Now  the  boat 
follows  them,  and  every  time  the  walrus  comes  up  to 
breathe  one  of  the  men  with  the  rifles   tries  to  shoot  him. 

They  are  very  hard 
to  kill  because  the 
hide  is  so  thick  and 
tough  and  the  fat  is 
so  thick  under  it. 
Sometimes  if  the 
walrus  are  full  grown 
they  get  mad  and 
make  for  the  boat, 
which  they  try  to 
upset  with  their 
ivory  tusks.  Even 
if  they  don't  upset 
the  boat  they  often 
put  their  tusks  right 
through  it,  and  frighten  the  Eskimos  very  much;  and  I 
guess  the  white  men  are  scared  too,  only  they  won't  say 
so.  After  a  walrus  is  killed  the  float  is  left  fastened  to 
him  and  we  come  along  in  the  ship  and  hoist  him  on 
board.  He  is  not  a  pretty  animal  but  very  large,  and  the 
meat  is  the  best  food  for  the  dogs.  The  walrus  weighs 
more  than  a  thousand  pounds,  but  his  ears  are  tiny  holes 
in  his  head,  so  small  I  can  just  put  my  finger  into  one. 
But  his  mustache  is   terrible.      I   am  glad   father's  is  not 

98 


'■^AH-NI-GHl'-rO  and  Billy  standing  on 
the  dead  Walrus  " 


CHILDREN     OF     THEARCTIC 


like  it.  The  bristles  are  as  big  around  as  one  of  mother's 
knitting  needles,  but  only  as  long  as  my  finger,  and  the 
ends  are  very  sharp.  I  wonder  if  Mrs.  Walrus  kisses  him 
sometimes.  Mother  said  she  thought  not.  After  father 
gets  about  twenty- 
five  walrus  on  board 
we  steam  alongside 
of  some  large  ice  floe 
and  all  the  animals 
are  put  on  the  ice 
and  cut  up.  This 
saves  the  mess  on 
deck.  The  meat  and 
skin  and  blubber  are 
kept  separate,  and 
packed  away  for  dog 
food  in  the  winter 
v/hen  everything  is 
frozen.  When  father 
has  seventy-five  walrus  cut  up  he  says,  '  We  will  go  back 
to  Cape  Sabine,  if  we  can,  and  land  the  meat  and  start 
all  over  again.'  I  hope  we  won't  get  caught  in  the  ice 
if  we  go." 

About  the  middle  of  July  there  were  nearly 
ten  thousand  pounds  of  clear  meat  on  board, 
and  as  the  weather  was  fine  it  was  thought   best 

99 


Cutting  up  Walrus  on  the  Ice  " 


CHILDREN     OF     THE    ARCTIC 

to  take  the  "  Windward  "  back  to  her  winter 
home   and   there   land   the   meat. 

This  was  done  without  meeting  any  ice;  but 
after  reaching  the  Httle  harbour  the  wind  blew 
a  gale  for  several   hours. 

AH-NI-GHT-TO  was  on  shore  during  this 
time   and   wrote   about  it  in   her   diary. 

'' Jufy  1 6.  —  Fine  day.  Wind  blowing  hard  in  the 
evening.  After  dinner  mother  and  father  and  I  went 
ashore,  and  I  pinned  some  more  pictures  on  the  walls  of 
father's  room  and  his  dining-room.  When  I  got  through 
we  went  to  the  lake,  where  I  spent  some  time  sailing  my 
boats  and  digging  in  the  water  among  the  rocks.  About 
five  p.  M.  my  feet  were  very  wet  and  we  started  for  the 
ship.  We  saw  her  driving  away  from  the  shore.  The 
wind  was  blowing  a  gale  so  that  we  could  hardly  stand 
up  against  it.  But  the  ship  sailed  ofF  out  of  sight.  We 
waited  and  '  shivered  our  timbers,'  but  she  did  not  come 
back,  so  we  went  to  father's  house  and  a  fire  was  made 
at  once.  Mother  took  off  my  wet  kamiks  and  stockings 
and  I  put  on  a  pair  of  father's  socks.  We  had  supper  in 
regular  picnic  style.  A  box  on  father's  trunk  was  our 
table,  a  paper  on  it  was  our  cloth,  beans  and  corn  in  the 
can,  coffee  we  drank  out  of  beer-mugs,  and  biscuit  galore 
made  our  hearty  supper. 

ICO 


CHILDREN     OF     THE     ARCTIC 

"  We  were  just  beginning  to  plan  how  we  should  spend 
the  night,  when  'hoot'  went  a  whistle,  and  looking  out 
of  the  window  we  saw  the  old  ship  in  the  harbour.  The 
wind  was  not  blowing  so  hard  now,  so  I  put  on  my 
kamiks  and  we  went  aboard.  Here  we  learned  that  the 
'  Windward '  had  actually  been  blown  from  her  fastenings, 
and  the  Captain  had  to  steam  out  to  keep  her  from 
going   on   the   rocks. 

"  To-night  I  feel  as  if  I  had  been  on  a  picnic. 

"  We  leave  here  in  a  few  minutes  for  Etah,  and  to- 
morrow I  am  going  to  have  a  day  with  father  and  mother 
among  the  bird  cliffs  near  Etah." 


^ 


Jh'-wik-SO-ah   (  The  IFalrus) 

''  I  luonder  if  Mrs.  Walrus  kis  tes  him  sometimes  " 

lOI 


CHILDREN     OF     THE     ARCTIC 


XIV 


''July  17.  —  Fine  day  with  a  little 
wind.  Arrived  at  Etah  this  morn- 
ing. After  dinner  I  started  ashore 
for  the  Eskimo  tents  with  mother 
and  father.  We  had  not  gone  far 
.i  when  we  were  overtaken  by  one  of 
^  father's  Eskimos  with  sledge  and 
dogs.  We  all  hopped  on,  and  away  we  dashed,  over  the 
ice  and  through  the  pools  of  water  until  we  came  around 
the  corner  of  the  cliffs.  Here  we  saw  hundreds  of  little 
birds  called  '  Little  Auks '  perched  on  the  rocks.  Father 
said  if  we  could  get  ashore  we  might  find  some  eggs,  as 
these  birds  lay  their  eggs  among  the  loose  rocks,  without 
making  a  nest.  Each  bird  lays  one  egg  only.  After 
quite  a  little  trouble  we  reached  the  rocks  and  began  to 
look  for  eggs.  I  found  the  first  one.  After  finding  a 
few  more  we  went  on  to  the  tents.  At  them  we  found 
that  all  the  men  had  gone  out  to  catch  '  Little  Auks,'  so 
we  went  to  the  bird  place.  Here  the  rocks  were  actually 
covered  with  the  birds.  How  they  chattered!  They  would 
fly  so  close  over  our  heads  that  we  could  see  into  their 
little  black  eyes.  One  bird  was  marked  exactly  like  the 
others.  They  have  black  heads,  necks,  backs,  and  tails. 
Their   breasts  are  white.      Their  wings  are   black   with   a 

102 


CHILDREN     OF     THE     ARCTIC 


"  Tuples  of  the  Eskimos  ^^ 


few  white  feathers  in  them.  They  have  black  feet  and 
legs.  The  men  hide  among  the  rocks.  They  have  a 
net  on  the  end  of  a  long  pole.  They  take  hold  of  the 
end  of  the  pole  and  throw  the  net  back  and  forth  as 
the  birds  fly  to  and  from  the  rocks.  In  this  way  the 
old  men  who  cannot  hunt  the  walrus  or  the  bear  support 
themselves  and  their  families.  The  women  and  children 
help.  Every  Eskimo  wears  a  shirt  made  of  these  skins, 
and  it  takes  from  seventy-five  to  one  hundred  for  each 
shirt.      We  found  a  few  more   eggs  here. 

103 


CHILDREN     OF     THE    ARCTIC 


"On  our  way  down  to  the  shore  I  picked  many  kindo 
of  flowers.  When  we  reached  the  ice  we  saw  our  team  of 
dogs  running  away  with  our  sledge.  But  an  Eskimo  who 
was  just    starting    for   the    ship    kindly   took    me    on    his 

sledge.  The  Es- 
kimos can  hop  off 
^d  on  the  sledge 
while  the  dogs  are 
running.  I  tried 
to  do  it,  but  once  I 
fell  in  the  ice-cold 
water  and  got  very 
wet,  and  that  was 
enough   for   me." 

Another  trip 
was  made  to  the 
old  winter  home 
late  in  July 
and  more  meat 
landed. 

August  1st  the 
^'Windward" 
anchored  off  Etah  again,  and  while  awaiting  the 
coming  of  the  ship  from  home  AH-NI-GHT-TO 
learned  to  paddle  about  in  an  Eskimo  kayak. 

104 


'i^^^^^^H 

^^^^^^HHV^ 

Ahng-o-do-gip'-su  and  his  wife  In'-a-loo 
Eskimo  couple  at  Etah 


CHILDREN     OF     THE     ARCTIC 

Sunday,  August  5th,  while  AH-NI-GHI'-TO 
and  her  parents  were  below  in  the  cabin  they 
heard  the  Eskimos  shouting,  '^  Oomiaksoah !  " 
'^  Oomiaksoah !  "  and  hurrying  on  deck  they 
saw  a  ship  just   rounding  the   point. 

AH-NI-GHI'-TO  was  much  excited  because 
she  thought  she  saw  her  uncle  on  board,  but  as 
the  new  ship  drew  nearer  she  found  it  was  a 
stranger. 

The  name  of  the  ship  was  the  ''Erik"  and 
she  brought  many  letters  from  home  to  AH-NI- 
GHI'-TO  and  her  father  and  mother. 

In  one  letter  was  the  sad  tidings  that  AH-NI- 
GHI'-TO  would  never  see  one  of  her  grand- 
mothers again.  This  grieved  her  very  much, 
and  she  wanted  to  go  home  at  once  for  fear 
others  would  be  gone  before  she  could  get  there. 

The  ''  Erik  "  was  a  much  larger  and  stronger 
ship  than  the  ''  Windward,"  and  AH-NI-GHI'- 
TO'S  father  said  that  the  "  Windward  "  should 
wait  here  while  the  ''  Erik "  took  him  with  his 
party  across  the  now  ice-filled  Smith  Sound  and 
landed  him  at  his  winter  house. 

105 


CHILDREN     OF     THE     ARCTIC 


'*  To  paddle  about  in  an  Eskimo  Kayak  " 

AH-NI-GHI'-TO,  her  mother,  and  Percy 
went  on  board  the  ''  Erik"  together  with  her 
father  and  his  party,  that  they  might  be  with 
him    as    long    as    possible. 

Charley,  the  steward^  was  going  to  stay  and 
cook,  and  AH-NI-GHI'-TO  told  him  to  be 
sure    and    take    care    of  her    father. 

After  fighting  with  the  ice  for  four  days  the 
''Erik"   was   still    twenty  miles  south   of   Cape 

io6 


CHILDREN     OF     THE     ARCTIC 

Sabine,  and  there  seemed  little  chance  of  getting 
any  nearer. 

AH-NI-GHI'-TO'S  father  then  said  all  his 
party  and  dogs  and  meat,  with  some  provisions, 
should  be  landed  here,  and  he  would  work  his 
way  to  his  house  later  in  the  season. 

Two  nights  before,  the  old  "Erik"  had 
a  narrow  escape  from  being  crushed  between 
a  heavy  floe  and  the  straight^  hard  walls  of  a 
glacier  face,  against  which  the  ice  had  driven  her. 

August  29th,  AH-NI-GHI'TO  and  her 
mother  said  good-bye  to  "  dear  old  dad "  and 
to  Charley,  promising  to  come  up  on  the  ship 
next  summer^  and  father  in  turn  promised  that 
he   would   return   home   with   them. 

The  home  voyage  on  the  ''  Erik  "  was  made 
in  two  weeks,  landing  AH-NI-GHT-TO  in 
Sydney  the  day  after  her  eighth  birthday,  Sep- 
tember 13th,  in  time  to  catch  the  only  train  of 
the   day  for  home. 

Two  days  later  she  was  in  the  home  of  her 
grandmother,  but  as  that  dear  one  had  been 
called   to  another  home,  AH-NI-GHF-TO   did 

107 


CHILDREN     OF     THE     ARCTIC 


"  Country  of  the  Iceberg  and  the  Midnight  Sun  " 


not  care  to  stay  long,  and  the  next  day  she  and 
her  mother  went  on  to  New  York  where  uncle 
was   waiting  for  them. 

With  him  they  left  for  Grossy's  home  in 
Washington,  where  they  arrived  late  at  night 
and  found  every  one  asleep.  It  did  not  take 
long  to  rouse  the  household,  and  there  was 
great  rejoicing,  for  they  had  not  seen  their 
^^Snowbaby"  for  fifteen  months,  and  she  had 
so  much  to  tell  that  it  seemed  as  if  no  one 
would   go   to  bed   that  night. 

io8 


CHILDREN     OF     THE     ARCTIC 

Every  one  felt  very  sorry  that  AH-NI- 
GHI'-TO  did  not  bring  her  father  home  with 
her,  but  they  were  glad  that  she  left  him  well, 
and  that  he  had  promised  to  come  home  next 
year. 

AH-NI-GHT-TO  went  to  school  at  once 
and  found  to  her  delight  that^  because  she  had 
played  at  school  with  mother  during  the  past 
winter,  she  was  now  able  to  take  her  place  with 
her  little  classmates  who  had  been  going  to 
school  all  the  time  she  was  in  the  Snowland. 

When  July  came,  AH-NI-GHI'-TO  and  her 
mother  once  more  boarded  the  ^'  Windward," 
with  good  old  Captain  Sam  in  command,  and 
sailed  for  the  country  of  the  iceberg  and  the 
midnight  sun  again. 

When  AH-NI-GHI'-TO  returned  from  this 
voyage  the  next  September  she  was  nine  years 
old,  and  instead  of  sending  her  diary  to  her 
Grossy^  who  was  still  in  Europe,  she  tried  to 
write  the  story  of  her  summer  in  the  Snowland 
in   a  long  letter  to   her. 


109 


CHILDREN     OF     THE     ARCTIC 


XV 


New  York  City,  September  20,  1902. 

My  dear  Grossy,  —  Here  we 
are  back  again,  and  father  is 
with  us.  But  I  will  begin  at 
the  beginning  of  my  trip  and 
tell   you   all   about  it. 

July  2 1st  mother  and  I 
reached  Sydney,  and  the  next 
day  at  eight  o'clock  in  the  even- 
ing we  steamed  away  on  the  "  Windward."  A  new  house 
had  been  put  on  the  ship,  and  we  had  a  suite  of  rooms  in 
it  which  made  it  very  nice  and  comfortable. 

I  could  run  on  deck  any  time  I  liked,  without  being 
afraid  of  being  thrown  downstairs,  because  there  were  no 
stairs.  Mother  let  me  wear  boys'  clothes,  and  I  liked  it 
ever  so   much. 

Captain  Sam  was  just  as  kind  to  me  as  last  year,  and 
I  had  a  fine  time.  We  made  no  stops  on  the  way,  but 
just  cut  a  bee  line  for  father's  house.  Early  on  the 
morning  of  August  5th  we  were  so  near  to  Cape  Sabine, 
where  father's  house  is,  that  we  could  see  the  people 
running  about  on  the  rocks,  but  we  could  not  tell 
whether  they  were  Eskimos  or  whites.  Oh,  but  I  was 
excited. 


no 


CHILDREN     OF     THE     ARCTIC 


At  one  time  I  thought  I  saw  father,  then  I  thought 
I  did  n't,  and  poor  mother  just  stood  and  looked  through 
the  glasses  and  said  nothing  except,  "  If  I  see  father  I  will 
tell  vou."  Well,  as  we  got  nearer  we  could  make  out 
Matt,  then  Charley, 
then  some  of  the  Es- 
kimos, but  not  until 
we  were  almost  at  the 
landing  did  we  see 
fa  the  r.  There  he 
stood,  twice  as  tall 
as  any  one  else,  and 
we  had  not  seen  him 
because  he  had  on 
light  kamiks,  white 
bear-skin  trousers,  and 
gray  shirt,  and  he  looked  the  same  colour  as  the  rocks 
behind  him. 

I  thought  we  would  never  land,  but  at  last,  father 
swung  himself  on  board,  and  I  was  in  dear  old  dad's 
arms,  hugged  up  tight.  Of  course  now  I  was  anxious  to 
go  ashore  and  see  Charley  and  Matt  and  Koodluk'too  and 
"  Cin,"  my  dog  that  I  left  in  Koodluk'too's  care.  ''  Billy 
Bah  "  was  there,  too,  father  said,  and  they  were  all  wait- 
ing to  see  me.  We  all  went  ashore  after  father  had  said 
"  How  do  "  to  every  one  on  board.  We  found  father's 
house  as  neat  and  tidy  as  possible,  and  mother  teased 
Charley,  saying  she  knew  he   had   been  "house  cleaning" 

III 


"C;«  "  and  her  Pups 


CHILDREN     OF     THE     ARCTIC 


"  The  Woolliest  Black  Calf 

ever  since  he  saw  the  smoke  from  the  "Windward;  "  but  he 
said  he  kept  it  this  way  all  the  time.  He  then  said,  "  You 
come  with  me,  Miss,  and  I  '11  show  you  how  I  've  been  think- 
ing about  you."  The  first  place  he  took  me  was  on  top  of 
the  house,  and  here  in  a  large  box  with  wire  netting  across 
one  end  he  had  four  of  the  dearest  bunnies  I  ever  saw. 

They  were  gray  on  their  backs,  but  snow-white  on 
the  breast  and  head,  and  Charley  said  when  they  were 
grown  they  would  be  white  all  over;  that  when  Kood- 
luk'too   found    them   for   me,   they   were   no   longer   than 

112 


CHILDREN     OF     THE     ARCTIC 


kittens,  and  ss  gray  as  rats,  but  as  they  grow  older  they 
shed  the  gray  coat  and  become  real  white.  And  you 
must  know  they  are  mine,  and  Charley  has  taken  care  of 
them  for  me.  All  this  time 
Koodluk'too,  who  was  stand- 
ing by,  was  asking  me  every 
minute  to  come  with  him; 
he  wanted  to  show  me  some- 
thing. 

After  feeding  the  rabbits 
some  willow,  which  they  are 
very  fond  of,  I  went  with 
him,  and  what  do  you  think 
he  showed  me  ?  A  pair  of 
the  loveliest  pups,  and  my 
own  old  "Cin"  is  the  mother 
of  them.  "  Cin  "  knew  me 
too ;  she  licked  my  hands 
and  face  and  was  as  glad  to 
see  me  as  I  was  to  see  her 
and   her  dear   babies. 

I  could  have  stayed  with 
them  all  day,  but  Charley  called,  "  Come  on  now;  there's 
more  yet  to  be  seen."  Together  we  went  to  a  funny-look- 
ing place,  built  up  of  boxes  and  wires,  and  in  it  was  the 
woolliest  black  calf,  with  long  hair  over  its  forehead  and 
hanging  over  its  eyes.  When  Charley  said,  "  Come  here, 
Daisy,"  it  ran  to  him  and  pushed  against  him  until  I 
thought  it  was  butting  him,  but  he  said,  "  She  just  wants 

'  113 


Koodluk'too 


CHILDREN     OF     THE     ARCTIC 


her  bottle;"  and  he  told  Koodluk'too  to  get*  the  bottle 
out  of  the  house.  When  Koodluk'too  came  back  with 
it  the  calf  acted  just  like  Mrs.  S's  baby  when  he  is  hungry 

and  his  mother  shows 
him  the  bottle.  It 
was  too  cute  tor  any- 
thing. 

Charley  told  me 
that  Daisy  too  was 
mine,  and  he  hoped 
I  would  be  good  to 
her,  for  she  had  been 
his  bottle  baby  for 
over  two  months. 
Some  of  the  Eskimos 
brought  her  back 
from  a  musk-ox  hunt 
where  her  mother  had 
been  killed.  Charley 
said  I  might  feed  her  when  she  came  aboard,  and  then 
she  would  follow  me  just  as  she  did  him.  I  am  glad  she 
has  n't  such  horns  as  the  big  Musk-oxen. 

Many  of  the  Eskimos  had  died  since  we  left  them  last 
year,  and  all  that  stayed  with  father  were  in  a  hurry  to 
get  over  to  the  Greenland  settlements  and  see  their 
friends.  Before  I  had  half  time  enough  to  visit  all  our 
old-time  play-houses  with  Koodluk'too  and  "Billy  Bah," 
father  had  everything  on  board  and  was  ready  to  be  off. 
I  hated  to  say  good-bye  to  this  place  because  I  had  had 
some  very  good  times  here   and  would  never  see  it  again. 

114 


Charley^  "  Daisy  "  the  Musk-calf  and 
AH-NI-GHV-rO  at  Etah 


CHILDREN     OF     THE    ARCTIC 


First  we  stopped  at  Etah,  where  Koodluk'too  and  "Billy 
Bah  "  and  I  went  ashore  and  gathered  bags  full  of  grass  for 
Daisy  and  arms  full  of  willow  for  the  bunnies,  while  the 
Eskimo  men  were  out 
after  birds. 

After  dinner  Char- 
ley said  he  would 
help  me  take  Daisy 
ashore  where  she 
could  crop  the  grass 
and  have  a  run,  for 
she  was  not  very  fond 
of  being  penned  up  on 
the  ship.  You  should 
have  seen  her  look 
round  for  Charley 
and  bellow  when  he 
hid  behind  the  rocks. 

After  leaving  Etah  we  visited  all  the  places  where  Es- 
kimos were  living,  and  father  gave  them  presents  and  said 
good-bye  to   them. 

The  natives  who  had  been  with  father,  about  fifty  of  them, 
said  they  wanted  to  live  in  Academy  Bay  at  a  place  called 
Kang-erd-luk'-soah,  so  the  "Windward"  steamed  there  and 
landed  them  with  their  belongings.  Most  of  them  had  no 
seal-skin  tuples  (tents),  and  these  father  gave  tents  of  canvas. 

While  they  were  putting  them  up  Charley  got  one  of 
father's  tents  and  put  it  up  too,  and  we  used  to  go  ashore 
with  Daisy  and  get  our  lunch  and  stay  all  day,  letting  her 
browse  and  scamper  about. 

"5 


"  Gave  the  Eskimos  Presents  " 


CHILDREN     OF     THE     ARCTIC 


"  Listening  to  the  Phonograph  " 

When  the  tents  were  all  up  father  gave  the  natives  food 
enough  to  last  them  through  the  winter  except  meat.  He 
then  told  the  men  that  they  should  come  aboard  the 
"Windward,"  and  he  would  hunt  walrus  with  them  until 
they  had  enough  for  themselves  and  their  dogs  for  the 
winter. 

While  we  were  on  this  hunt,  one  evening  we  were 
going  to  anchor  for  a  sleep  (because  you  know  there  was 
no  night;    the  sun  shone  bright  all  the  time). 

Father  and  Captain  Sam  had  both  come  in  off  the 
deck  when  the  old  ship  went  "  bumpty  bump."  We  had 
run  aground.      Such  a  time  as  we  had   trying  to  get  the 

ii6 


CHILDREN     OF     THE     ARCTIC 


"  The  babies  are  not  so  pretty  " 

"Windward'*  afloat!  She  slid  away  over  on  one  side  and 
everything  in  the  cabin  tipped  over,  and  we  did  not  get 
away  until  the  next  evening.  I  was  scared.  I  thought 
we  should  have  to  stay  here  all  winter. 

After  we  had  a  hundred  or  more  walrus  we  steamed 
back  to  Kang-erd-luk'-soah  and  put  them  ashore.  Then 
father  sent  some  of  the  natives  to  hunt  deer,  so  we  would 
have  fresh  meat  on  our  home  trip.  The  three  days  they 
were  gone  I  just  lived  on  shore  with  my  calf.  Of  course  I 
did  not  forget  to  feed  my  pups  and  the  bunnies  too. 

I  gave  "  Cin  "  to  Koodluk'too  because  mother  said  I 
had  no  place  to  keep  her  at  home.      The  calf,  and  the  bun- 

117 


CHILDREN     OF     THE    ARCTIC 


nies,  and  the  pups,  father 
says  will  be  kept  in  the 
New  York  Zoological 
Garden.  One  day  father 
had  the  Eskimo  women 
sing  into  the  phonograph, 
and  then  made  the  phon- 
ograph sing  their  song 
back  at  them.  You  ought 
to  have  heard  them  laugh. 
'  Billy  Bah"  and 
Ahng'oodloo  wanted  to 
come  home  with  me,  but 
mother  would  not  let 
them.  Ahng'oodloo  is 
very  fond  of  father,  and 


"  Steady  " 


ii8 


CHILDREN     OF     THE     ARCTIC 

when  he  found  he  could 
not  go  back  with  us  he 
took  "  Billy  Bah  "  up  on 
the  mountain  so  they 
would  not  have  to  say 
good-bye.  All  the  na- 
tives felt  sad  to  have 
father  leave  them,  but 
after  we  had  all  the 
venison  we  needed  we 
steamed  away.  Poor 
old  Koodluk'too  felt 
very  badly,  and  so  did  I. 


«  Port " 


''Hard  Over" 


I  was  kept  busy  car- 
ing for  my  pets  on  the 
way  home,  and  one 
morning  I  found  one 
of  my  bunnies  dead.  He 
had  been  killed  by  one 
of  the  others  in  a  fight. 
They  are  all  white  as 
snow  and  perfect 
beauties. 

We  stopped  among 
the   west  side   Eskimos 


119 


CHILDREN     OF     THE    ARCTIC 

at  a  whaling  station.  I  did  n't  like  the  looks  of  these  na- 
tives at  all.  I  am  sure  they  are  not  as  kind  as  father's 
people.  The  babies  are  not  nearly  as  pretty.  Their 
dress  looks  different  too.  They  have  funny  long  tails  to 
their  coats,  and  the  women  wear  dirty  calico  skirts  over 
their  fur  trousers. 

The  carpenter  had  to  make  Daisy's  pen  higher  before 
we  reached  Sydney  because  she  had  grown  so  much. 
The  puppies  too  have  grown  and  are  as  playful  as  kittens. 
But  you  must  hurry  home  and  see  them  yourself.  I  have 
much  more  to  tell  you,  but  can't  think  of  it  now. 

With  much  love  Your  Snowbaby. 

P.  S.  Oh,  I  forgot  to  tell  you.  Captain  Sam  taught  me 
how  to  turn  the  wheel,  and  let  me  steer  the  <^  Wind- 
ward." I  can  "Steady"  and  "  Port"  and  "Hard  Over" 
just  like  the  sailors. 


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